Hospitals & Asylums
Medicine
HA-5-12-13
By Anthony J. Sanders
No stalking in the library. Since Windows
8 care must be taken to check books out of the libraries without turning the
computer on. Mac files and wifi can
be encrypted. Stonebreaker (Chanca piedra) cures urinary and
gallstones overnight. The FDA
politely responded to 'Cardiology' to sponsor clinical studies of the
curativeness of Hawthorn for the treatment of congestive heart failure,
cholesterol, high or low blood pressure and arrhythmia. The FDA required warning for Digitalis and
related cardiotonic drugs for human use in oral dosage forms, states "Digitalis alone or with other drugs has been used in the
treatment of obesity. This use of digoxin or other digitalis glycosides is
unwarranted. Moreover, since they may cause potentially fatal arrhythmias or
other adverse effects, the use of these drugs in the treatment of obesity is
dangerous" 21CFR¤201.317
to which could be appended, "Hawthorn (Craetagus
spp.) is the supreme herb for the heart, it is indicated for the treatment of
congestive heart failure, including moderation of blood pressure, cholesterol,
and arrhythmia. Hawthorn is
contraindicated for use with most high blood pressure medicine and digitalis.
Fresh fabric and a vegan diet is essential for the treatment of acute heart
disease, antibiotics cure endocarditis and an athletic level of cardiovascular
exercise is the only cure for the chronic condition". Gleevec (Iminitab) tablet combination
chemotherapy has a 95% cure rate for lymphoma and leukemia. Disease modifying Anti-rheumatic Drugs
(DMARDs) are for $1 clotrimazole (athletes foot cr¸me) and hydrocortisone and
Amantadine (Symmetrel), Ampicillin (Principen), Doxycycline, Metronidazole
(Flagyl ER) with a discount from rxmedsdoctor.net
Children HA-8-12-16
United States population
estimates are disputed between the Census and Social Security Administration
regarding a total US population between 324 million and 330 million,
respectively, a difference of 2 percent, in 2015 and 2016. The under age 18
population is estimated between 73.7 million by the American Children Brief ,
74.1 million by the US Census and 77.8 million by SSA. 74.9 million Baby Boomers were born
1946-64. 77 million children is the
number. The Census has clearly
erred with the 22.9% under age 18 revision in 2015 that destroyed the population pyramid and must
return to 24% under age 18 used in the 2010 Census. Net population-growth is bolstered
by 1 million annual net migrants. The United States has the highest birth rate
(12.5 per 1,000 population), infant mortality rate (6.1 infant deaths per 1,000
live births and 8 under age 5 deaths per 1,000 ) and maternal mortality rate
(32 deaths per 100,000) of any industrialized nation. Since the 1989 the annual estimate of
about 4 million births is less than 4 million during Democratic administrations
and more than 4 million during Republican administrations under the Convention
on the Reduction of Statelessness (1961). More boy than girl babies have been issued social security cards
every year since 1940. In 2015 51.2% of babies were boys and 48.8% were girls.
However 50.9% of the 2010 census population are female and 49.1% are male. 25% of the world population attend
school. 70-100 million people attend school in the United States. At $11,100
per pupil US education spending is the second highest in the world. In 1996 before 10 million Aid for
Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)/Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
(TANF) benefits were cut 1996-2000, 15% of children were poor, about average
for any American. Estimates on
the number of poor children growing up in the United States have risen from 16 million
to as high as 24 million, 20.8% and 31.2% of the 77 million Social Security
Area child population respectively.
Child poverty in the United States is the highest of any industrialized
country. 22 - 33
percent of all children – live in families with incomes below the federal
poverty level – $23,550 a year for a family of four. To end child poverty it is necessary to tax the rich the
12.4% OASDI tax on all their income, SSA would pay $777 child SSI benefits to
16-24 million poor children in the first year (2017?) and end poverty with 50
million SSI benefits by 2020. To
keep ahead of consumer price inflation Federal minimum wage needs to be amended
to $7.50 in 2017, to $7.75 in 2018 and 8.00 in 2019 and 3% every year
thereafter.' in one final sentence at 29USC¤206(a)(1)(D).
FDA Category A drugs that pose no fetal risks in human
studies are penicillin, Ampicillin (Principen), cephalosporins,
aminoglycosides, clindamycin (Cleocin Oral, Cleocin T), nitrofurantoin
(Furadantin, Macrobid, macrodantin, and acyclovir (Zovirax). Amantadine
(Symmetrel) for the flu and antipsychotic tic should probably be added to the
short list of safe drugs for pregnant women and children. Ethosuximide seems to the safest
anticonvulsant drug for pregnant women with epilepsy. Statins are okay for
atherosclerosis but heart disease and hypertension are major causes of maternal
mortality and pregnant women might be safely treated with Hawthorn the supreme
herb for the heart, but it is contraindicated with most high blood pressure
medicine. Hydralazine (Apreoline) is often the initial antihypertensive
medication of choice, given in 5 mg increments intravenously until an
acceptable blood pressure response is obtained. Other antihypertensive drugs used in
emergencies are Nifedipine 10 mg po q 4-8 hr. Calculating the correct pediatric
dosage of medicine is a ratio of the child's
weight to average adult weight of 70 kg or 150 lb. Clark's rule is that the
child's dose = adult dose x child's weight in kg / average adult weight 70
kg. Clindamycin (Cleocin) 350 mg
pills for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus in pregnant women and
children under the age of 8 who cannot take doxycycline. The pediatric dose for
Cleocin is estimated in the monograph to be in the 8-16 mg / kg/ d range. So a
20 kg child would want 160 mg to 320 mg of medicine daily in three or four
divided doses of 40 mg to 100 mg. In that same time period an adult would want
1.2 g to 1.8 g in three or four doses of the 350 mg pill. For a 20 kg child the
pill could be cut into quarters, and given three or four of the quarters daily,
for 5 days. Antibiotic resistant Clostridium difficile can be treated in
children with metronidazole (Flagyl ER) 200 mg or 400 mg tablets, but pregnant
women cannot take metronidazole because it causes neural tube defects in the
first trimester. Stonebreaker (Chanca piedra) treat gall and urinary
stones overnight but cannot be used in pregnant women because it might be
abortificent. Ampicillin (Principen) 250 g or 500 mg is the preferred drug for
the treatment of pneumonia and meningitis in children under the age of 6
months. In the case of penicillin allergy or price Azithromycin (Zithromycin),
the world's best selling broad-spectrum antibiotic, is safe for pregnant women
and children over the age of 6 months for the treatment of Streptococcus spp.
The rest of the disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) every family
should have to cure painful infections include Amantadine (Symmetrel) 100 mg
for influenza Type A, 1% clotrimazole (athlete's foot cr¸me) for infections of
the foot and shin and 1% hydrocortisone for allergies, rashes and
aspergillosis.
Neurology HA-21-2-13
In an
average adult human the weight of the brain (about 3lb) is approximately 2% of
the body weight. But its energy
demands are so great that it received about 14% of the heartÕs output and
consumes about 18% of the oxygen absorbed by the lungs – enough to light a 25-watt bulb. Neurologic illness affects many millions
of people in the United States. In
the general population, per 1,000, the 1-year prevalence for migraine was 121,
160 for osteoarthritis, 150 for back pain, 7.1 for epilepsy, and 0.9 for
multiple sclerosis. Among, the prevalence of Alzheimer disease was 67 and that
of Parkinson disease was 9.5. For diseases best described by annual incidence
per 100,000, the rate for stroke was 183, 101 for major traumatic brain injury,
4.5 for spinal cord injury, and 1.6 for ALS. Per
1,000 children, estimated prevalence was 2.4 for cerebral palsy, 1.5 for DownÕs
syndrome; 5.8 for autism spectrum disorder, for Tourette syndrome, the data
were insufficient. Coffee is the
first line hospital treatment for migraines; NSAIDs are useless although
aspirin can help prevent ischemic stroke, effective prescription medicines for
migraine include ergotamine tartrate and the 70 cent antineoplastic pill
methotrexate taken once a week. Bacterial meningitis,
usually caused by Streptococcus
pneumoniae, Lyme disease or Listeria
monocytogenes. and sinusitis usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae are treated with penicillin, ampicillin or
erythromycin (if allergic to penicillin).
Osteoporosis is mostly a matter of
Calcium, Vitamin D and fluoride supplementation, there are bisphosphonates and
20-50% of white menopausal women get on Hormone Replacement Treatment (HRT)
although only 40% take it for the 10 years recommended to prevent osteoporosis. Arthritis affecting the central and peripheral
nervous system sometimes responds to ibuprofen, and other NSAIDs, as well
Glucosamine and Chondroitin, 4 large pills daily requiring probiotic
supplementation to avoid stomach upset.
Exercise is both test and necessary treatment to be done in athletic
quantities daily as limited by injury.
Cures usually require disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs):
Doxycycline 100 mg, the once a day antibiotic, that causes permanent
yellowing of developing children teeth under age 8. to the treat the potentially methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (often found in the hands of health
professionals) that likes to infect the spine and central nervous system. Metronidazole (Flagyl ER), although
contraindicated for the CNS, is useful for bone and joint infections of the
peripheral nervous system, including arthritis of the hips (usually injured by
sitting for long periods without adequate cushioning), and knees (often injured
running downhill) due to gastrointestinal bacteremia. Antifungals, are useful, especially for
chronic foot injuries (usually caused by ill-fitting shoes sized too small for
two or three pairs of socks in winter); topical athlete's foot cr¸me
(clotrimazole), is available for $1, not the antifungal foot powder (toftate)
that causes elders angina and diffuse pain, clotrimazole may be applied
topically to swiftly cure superficial fungal infections. Antiviral drugs tend to be ineffective
and viral arthritis minor.
Antitubercular drugs are rarely needed and are so expensive due to third
world subsidies they are provided by the county health department.
Neurologists need to pass their own psychological tests and refer needy
patients to a licensed social worker, so the psychiatric profession and
institutions can be abolished. The
herbal tea for hyperactive children is spearmint (Mentha
spicata) in equal proportions with lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) to which can be added milky oats (Avena sativa); for mild depression and anxiety St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum); Valerian root (Valeriana officinalis) is a more serious nervine for stress,
insomnia and anxiety. SAMe and 5
HTP are two other over-the-counter remedies for depression. None of these safe remedies should be
mixed with prescription psychiatric drugs.
Neuroleptic antipsychotic and sleep aid drugs are the leading cause of
fatal drug overdose. The antiviral Haemophilus influenziae drug Amantadine
(Symmetrel) is the FDA approved, but untried replacement for the
anticholinergenic Cogentin (benztropine mesylate) that cured the
extra-pyramidal side-effects of antipsychotic and Tourette syndrome of
childhood stimulant drugs, in minutes with just one dose, they should be tried
in half dose for small children and quarter dose in infants presenting autistic
tics. L-dopa (carbidopa-levodopa)
is the gold standard for ParkinsonÕs treatment, and would probably be curative
of extra-pyramidal side-effects although it is not specifically indicated,
although other drugs reduce side-effects and extend effectiveness. Dopamine agonists often allow a
reduction in dosage of levodopa by 5 to 30 percent. Cholinesterase
inhibitors slow the breakdown of acetylcholine to treat a person who has both
AlzheimerÕs disease and ParkinsonÕs disease, or Myasthenia gravis (MG) other
than Eaton-Lambert myasthenic syndrome that is treated with guanine and
botulism paralysis that must be swiftly treated with an antitoxin distributed
by CDC, the U.S. Army and F.E.M.A.
Pyridostigmine (Mestinon) is
the mainstay of treatment for myasthenia-gravis. There is not really any drug treatment
for Alzheimer's disease, or mental illness for that matter, but getting off
statins that cause brain atrophy, other neurotoxic drugs, organophosphate
sprayed vegetables and animal products particularly beef (due to ubiquitous
Crutzfeld-Jacobs virus, mad cow disease) and getting plenty of cardiovascular
exercise are critical for brain health. Exacerbations
of multiple sclerosis, an academic demyelinating disease of the nerves, are
treated with corticosteroids, adenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and marijuana
(Cannabis sativa). Failure to comply with epilepsy medicine
is the leading cause of death from epileptic seizure. Generalized
epilepsies usually respond best to valproate and the benzodiazepines. Ethosuximide is effective for absence
seizures but not for partial seizures, so in a patient with brief spells, the
differential between these must be carefully made. Myoclonic seizures respond well to
clonazepam and valproate. Persons
with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (MFE) often respond well to valproate, but not
to carbamazepine or phenytoin. In
one clinical trial 81.5% of carbamazepine treated patients and 85.8% of
phenytoin-treated patients were effectively treated
Opioids
are the frontline against severe pain whereas other non-addictive painkillers
are under development. Opiates are
addictive and the average person who injects heroin daily develops the habit
within 2 weeks. Percocet is usually
prescribed for the first few days, then Oxycontin for more prolonged pain. Fatal
drug overdoses from opioids increased for the 11th straight year and
the injectable narcotic agonists Narcan (naloxone) should be administered by
emergency responders to reverse potentially deadly respiratory depression and
coma. Naltexone
became clinically available in 1985 as a new narcotic antagonist. Its actions
resemble those of naloxone, but naltrexone is well is well absorbed orally and
is long acting, necessitating only a dose of 50 to 100 mg. Marijuana
has no known fatalities and is reported as successful in relieving symptoms of
addiction, anxiety, tension, stress and depression, attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), HIV/AIDS, post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD),
insomnia, migraine, movement disorders, multiple sclerosis, digestive problems,
inflammation, nausea and vomiting, cancer treatment side-effects, non-severe
pain, spasms and convulsions, psoriasis and arthritis. Corticosteroids are maybe more powerful
pain relievers, and curative of a long list of infectious and auto-immune
diseases, long term use increases risk of Cushing's disease and excruciating
osteoporotic fractures, and the dose must be limited to less than 15 mg in
dependent patients, ie. transplant patients, withdrawal must be gradual until
the body produces its own cortisone or the patient may die. Tobacco is a highly addictive drug;
nicotine withdrawal is a recognized psychiatric disorder, and treatment with
the benzodiazapine Wellbutrin has been shown to help. Withdrawal from alcohol and
benzodiazepines can be fatal.
Withdrawing alcoholics have a 15% chance of dying from delirium tremons,
manifesting as severe anxiety, unless aggressively treated with the
benzodiazipines such as ativan or liver friendly olazapam. Benzodiazapine addiction requires
gradual reduction of dosage. Each
year, at least 10 million Americans consult physicians about their sleep, and
about half of them receive prescriptions for sleeping pills. A hypnotic is a drug that produces
sleep, a sedative is one used to relieve tension and anxiety. The most commonly used hypnotics and sedatives
are the barbiturates, they depress brain function, and in large doses the
rhythm of respiration. The fatality
rate is higher for barbiturates than any other type of addiction (more than
3000 barbiturate suicides per year, or 20% of all suicides in the United
States, and more than 1500 deaths from accidental poisonings). Alcohol potentiates the barbiturates,
the two depressant are synergistic and the practice of using both undoubtedly
accounts for the unusually high number of accidental self-poisonings and death
from respiratory depression. Chamomile (Chamaemelum
nobile, Matricaria recutita) and
related species are useful for going into a deep, restful sleep. Chamomile is a popular remedy for
calming colic and childhood digestive issues. Some people are allergic to chamomile
In the treatment of infectious eye
disease, e.g. conjunctivitis, one should always use the drug which is the most
effective, the least likely to cause complications, the least likely to be used
systemically at a later date, and the least expensive. Of the available antibacterial agents,
the sulfonamides come closest to meeting these specifications. Two reliable sulfonamides are sulfisoxazole
and sodium sulfacetamide. Two of the most effective broad-spectrum antibiotics for
ophthalmic use are chloramphenicol and neomycin. The sulfonanides have the added
advantages of ow allergenicity and effectiveness against trachoma. They are available in ointment or
solution form. If sulfonamides are
not effective, the antibiotics can be used. Two of the most effective broad-spectrum
antibiotics for ophthalmic use are chloramphenicol and neomycin. Both of these drugs have some effects
against gram-negative as well as gram-positive organisms. Other antibiotics frequently used are erythromycin,
tetracycline, bacitracin, gentamicin and polymyxin. Systemic administration is required for
all intraocular infections, corneal ulcer, chlamydial conjunctivitis, orbital
cellulitis, dacyocystitis, and any serious external infection that does
not respond to local treatment.
Ointments have greater therapeutic effectiveness than solutions since in
this way contact can be maintained for up to 30-60 minutes. However, they do have the disadvantage
of causing blurred vision; where this must be avoided, solutions should be
used. Before one can determine the
drug of choice, the causative organisms must be known. For example, a pneumococcal corneal
ulcer will respond to treatment with a sulfonamide or any broad-spectrum
antibiotic , but this is not true in the case of corneal ulcer due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which responds
only to vigorous treatment with polymyxin, colistin, or gentamicin. Another example is staphylococcal
dacryocystitis; staphylococci not sensitive to penicillin are most likely to be
susceptible to erythromycin or methicillin; although tetracycline have proven
effective against so called methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Antibiotics, like the steroids, when used over a prolonged period of time
in bacterial corneal ulcers favor the development of secondary fungal infection
of the cornea. This is another
reason for using the sulfonamides whenever they are adequate for the purpose.
There are two basic theories in lowering eye pressure. One is to reduce the production of
aqueous fluid in the eye; the other is to improve the drainage of this fluid
from the eye. Currently the first
line of treatment is to start glaucoma patients on antiglaucoma eye drops to
lower the eye pressure. The eye can
hold only about 20 percent of one drop.
Therefore, it's customary to place one drop in an eye at a time. Multiple eye drops should be spaced
apart by about three to five minutes, so they can be absorbed properly. Pilocarpine, the first eye drop developed
for treating glaucoma, 120 years ago, comes from a South American plant and
generally produces few allergic or toxic reactions. Epinephrine can also be effective. Timoptic is a very effective
antiglaucoma drug and is one of the most popular drugs used in the United
States to treat glaucoma. Studies
show it to have a mean reduction in eye pressure of 30 to 33 percent. There are others but they are
problematic.
Getting treatment for an ischemic stroke within three hours of the onset
of symptoms with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) can dissolve clots and
lessen disability by 40 percent if it is administered within three hours of an
ischemic stroke, 87 percent of all strokes, but tPA would almost certainly be fatal in the
7-10 percent of hemorrhagic strokes, caused by high blood pressure, over half
of which are fatal, wherefore it is necessary to ascertain with diagnostic
testing such as CAT scan, MRI, x-ray and Doppler Ultrasound, whether the
cerebral vascular event is a hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke, before
administering tPA. Statin anticholesterol drugs are well tolerated but
should be supplemented with Coenzyme Q10 to prevent depletion after long-term
use, and discontinued at first sign of cancer or dementia. Although effective at lowering cholesterol,
thereby reversing atherosclerosis and reducing heart attack risk Statins are
not very curative and demented people take them for years and die of cancer
while avoiding effective lifestyle changes to a vegan or vegetarian diet, yoga
and athletic levels of cardiovascular exercise adequate to cure heart disease
and enable moderate animal product consumption without angina (chest
pain). Cardiac drugs, other than
statins, are the second leading cause of fatal drug overdose, mostly because
they are in fact anti-hypertensive drugs, abused in the treatment of the entire
spectrum of congestive heart failure, that gets worse with exercise. Hawthorne (Craetagus spp.) is the supreme herb for the heart, it moderates
cholesterol, high and low blood pressure, arrhythmia, and although it may need
to be taken for a while it tends to be curative, somehow enabling the patient
to get enough cardiovascular exercise, and what is good for the heart is good
for the brain.
Cardiology HA-20-4-13
The heart
is a four-chambered muscular structure.
It is about the size of a fist but can get much larger with
disease. An adult weighing 160
pounds has about 5 quarts (4.7 liters) of blood in their circulatory system. The heart beats at a rate of 60 to 100 times per minute. Of the estimated 50 million, 166 out of 1,000, with unhealthy
levels of lipoprotein in their blood, 7 million Americans feel angina (23 in
1,000), 1.5 million will suffer an acute myocardial infarction (heart attack)
for which 550,000 will be hospitalized (1.8 out of 1,000) and of the 2.4
million people who died in 2004, 666,000 died from heart disease (2.2 out of
1,000) and 150,000 from stroke (0.5 out of 1,000). In 1998 these death rates per 100,000 people from heart disease in
the United States were 211.8 for black non-Hispanics, compared to 145.3 for
white non-Hispanics, 101.5 for Hispanics, 106 for American Indians and 78 for
Asians. Coronary atherosclerosis
with greater than 75% stenosis, involving more than one of the three major
vessels is present in 80 to 90% of victims; only 10 to 20% of cases are of
nonatherosclerotic origin.
Atherosclerosis occurs because a roughening of the endothelium of the
arteries by toxins known as cardiac glycosides causes hyperlipidemia when fats
(lipids) stick to the wall forming a plaque which can block (occlude) an artery
causing ischemia of the cardiac muscle that dies as a result of lack of oxygen
in a heart attack. Angina pectoris,
chest pain, can be passing or heart attack damage can take five days to seven
weeks to heal barring infection, toxic exposure or animal products. Aspirin,
(acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is known by hospitals to reduce ischemic stroke
risk by about 25-30 percent in three to four years but anticoagulants are
highly associated with certain heart surgeries. Statin blood cholesterol lowering drugs,
reduce heart attacks by 40 percent and strokes by 30 percent, in six years, or
better, and should be prescribed to heart attack patients on discharge, with a
vegan diet and exercise program, but cost $2 a pill. Group A Streptococcus pyogenes that causes sore throat and fever in
children causes 50% of rheumatic heart disease and is best treated with
penicillin but most antibiotics work. Doxycycline, not for use in children
under 9, is the only oral antibiotic to treat Staphylococcus aureus from whence 50% of hospital admissions
die. The FDA required warning for Digitalis and related cardiotonic drugs
for human use in oral dosage forms for the treatment of congestive heart
failure, exercise intolerant heart disease that comes with a prognosis of two
years, states "Digitalis alone or with
other drugs has been used in the treatment of obesity. This use of digoxin or
other digitalis glycosides is unwarranted. Moreover, since they may cause
potentially fatal arrhythmias or other adverse effects, the use of these drugs
in the treatment of obesity is dangerous" 21CFR¤201.317
to which could be appended, "Hawthorn is the supreme herb for the heart,
it is indicated for the treatment of congestive heart failure, including
moderation of blood pressure, cholesterol, and arrhythmia. Fresh fabric and a vegan diet is
essential for the treatment of acute heart disease, antibiotics cure
endocarditis and an athletic level of cardiovascular exercise is the only cure
for the chronic condition".
In 2000
sixty-five million Americans over the age of eighteen, had elevated blood
pressure. A sustained diastolic
pressure greater than 90 mm Hg or a sustained systolic pressure in excess of
140 mm Hg are generally considered to constitute hypertension. By this criteria, screening programs
reveal that 25 percent of the population is hypertensive. 30 to 50 percent of individuals with
hypertension will be Ņsalt sensitiveÓ.
About 90 to 95 percent of hypertension is idiopathic and apparently
primary (essential hypertension).
Of the remaining 5 to 10 percent most is secondary to renal
disease. Rauvolfia serpentine alkaloids adapted from an Ayurvedic
schizophrenia treatment cured malignant hypertension, death in three months, in
the 1950s, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is cheap but unpleasant in the long
term. The ABC of adrenergenic
blockers developed since the 1970s have been abused in the treatment of
arrhythmias and congestive heart failure and construed as the second leading
cause of fatal drug overdose, but are probably more pleasant than HCTZ for
blood pressure, felodipine is the fanciest. Hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata etc.) is the only medicine that accurately
treats the entire constellation of congestive heart failure symptoms including
high or low blood pressure and arrhythmias without any known side-effects and
clinical trials are needed to make it law or prescribe it at the hospital,
exercise tolerance must be the objective.
Hypertensives are steered away from exercising their arms and running
from their worries. Kidney neglect,
malabsorption, resistant streptococci and adverse reactions caused by Bactrim,
the only drug indicated for the treatment of E. coli, the most frequent cause of kidney infection, could be
avoided if the metronidazole (Flagyl ER) monograph for GI, bone and joint
infections of bacterial or protozoal origin contained an indication for Escherichia coli and probiotics were
used as an adjunct and for two weeks after antibiotic use. Cocksaxie B and Echo
virus can cause a serious myocarditis that is best treated with Human Immune
Globulin IV and they are forbidden from participating in organized
athletics. Sudden cardiac death is
the leading cause of death in athletics. Candida
albicans often infects the GI and kidneys of immunocompromised patients and
is expensively treated with the broad spectrum antifungal Sporanox (itraconazole)
that is strongly contraindicated in congestive heart failure due to adverse
reactions with Digitalis and antihypertensive medicines. Sporanox
(itraconazole) is the primary prophylaxis for myeloma, leukemia, bone disease
and graft versus host disease (or other neoplasm) caused by fungal
aspergillosis, candidiasis, histoplasmosis or mucormycosis, that are
hypothesized to cause many cancers.
$1 athlete's foot cr¸me (clotrimazole) and not the antifungal foot
powder spray (toftate) that causes diffuse pain and angina, is often
effective. A vegan diet and daily
minimum of 50-100 push-ups, 50-100 crunches, 3 mile run (in boots) and
stretches prescribed by the Marine physical fitness test (PFT).
A
normal heart rate is between 60 and 100 beats per minute. A slower than normal rhythm in which the
heart rate is below 60 beats per minute indicates sinus bradycardia. If the rhythm exceeds 100 beats per
minute, a sinus tachycardia would be present. Conditions that weaken the heart muscle
may cause rapid heart rhythms, called tachycardias, with rates greater than 100
beats per minute and possibly much faster.
A single electrocardiogram (ECG) recording of a heartbeat shows the
electrical sequence of the heart. The electrical signal may be broken into
different waves. The P wave
represents atrial electrical activity; the QRS complex represents ventricular
electrical activity; and the QT interval (from the beginning of the Q wave to
the end of the T wave) represents the ventricles returning to a resting
state. Cholesterol is considered high above 200 mg/dL,
or HDL cholesterol is less than 40 mg/dL (for men) and less than 50 mg/dL (for
women). A complete blood count (CBC) test gives the doctor
important information about the types and numbers of cells in your blood,
especially the red blood cells and their percentage (hematocrit) or protein
content (hemoglobin), white blood cells, and platelets. The results of a CBC
may diagnose conditions like anemia, infection, and other related disorders
such as cancers of the blood. The platelet
count and plasma clotting tests (prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time) may be used to evaluate bleeding
and clotting disorders. Complete blood count (CBC) is dome by automated cell
counters that measure the hemoglobin, red blood cell count, red blood cell
volume distribution, platelet count, and white blood cell count. Blood appears red because of the large number of red blood cells,
which get their color from the hemoglobin. The percentage of whole blood volume
that is made up of red blood cells is called the hematocrit and is a common
measure of red blood cell levels, the mean cell volume (MCV) (based on volume
distribution), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) (hemoglobin divided by RBC count),
mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (hemoglobin divided by hematocrit)
and the red cell distribution width (RDW).
The red cell indices and RDW are used together with a direct inspection
of the Wright-stained blood smear to evaluate red blood cell morphology. To
count the specific white blood cells a CBC with Differential is ordered.
Pulmonology HA-18-7-13
The respiratory system includes the nose, mouth,
a pair of lungs, the tubes or airway to the lungs, chest bones and
muscles. Oxygen is pumped into the lungs by the respiratory muscles
and is brought into close contact with blood, into which it passively diffuses,
at the level of the pulmonary capillaries in the alveoli. Carrier
molecules in the blood, hemoglobin, bind the O2 to make blood,
pumped by the heart, as efficient as the air in transporting O2. Each
cell in the body is equipped with a specialized furnace, the mitochondria,
which burns carbohydrates with O2 to produce the high-energy
ATP molecules that fuel the cells' functions, and ultimately maintain the life
of the whole organism. O2 is transformed into water by this
process and with carbon dioxide (CO2) is returned to the external
environment where it is recycled by plants into O2 and
carbohydrate by solar energy. Humans can tolerate only 5 minutes of
oxygen (O2) deprivation without irreversible damage and death. Any change in pH, whether produced by
respiratory or metabolic changes, alters O2 affinity. Under
pathologic conditions, blood pH can deviate markedly from pH 7.4 and have
profound implications in oxygen delivery. Low pH may hamper oxygen uptake
in the lung. Addition of CO2 to blood causes pH to
fall by 0.03 to 0.05 units. Sputum has a pH of 7.0 and must be
removed through daily naso-bronchial hygiene. Ascent to high
altitudes produces both hypoxemia and respiratory
alkalosis. Alkalinity can be prevented by administration of
acetazolamide. Acidosis is often corrected by hyperventilating
through pursed lips and its cure is dependent on the excretion of acid by the
kidneys. Bicarbonate therapy is most effective when plasma
bicarbonate is low and there is little be gained when the initial (HCO3- )
is above 20 to 1 mEq/liter.
The treatment of cough is successful in over 95%
of cases. All narcotic antitussives are effective cough
suppressants. Dextromethorphan hydrobromide is the most common nonnarcotic
cough suppressant, it is slightly less effective. Around 2010 the
FDA removed some 600 different types of flu remedies from the
market. The FDA has approved Allegra (Sanofi-Aventis) and Children's
Allegra (fexofenadine) and Allegra-D (fexofenadine and pseudoephedrine) product
lines to be marketed over-the-counter. The two prescription antivirals for the
flu are Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and Zanamivir (Relenza), for Haemophilus
influenza the antiviral Amantadine (Symmetrel) and antimicrobials
ampicillin (Principen) or levofloxacin (Levaquin) are also used. Winter
2012-2013 the flu vaccine was reported to be only 8%
effective. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections
are treated with NSAIDS such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen and corticosteroids
may be administered if the pneumonia worsens. Antibiotics should be
administered if an ear infection (otitis media) or pneumonia
develop. For Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), a
coronavirus, the treatment with no fatalities was to ventilate the patient and
medicate with the antibiotic levofloxacin (Levaquin), and corticosteroids
methylprednisolone IV and then prednisone. Vaccines are the greatest achievement of modern preventive
medicine. Polio and smallpox have been eradicated and one more
generation of vaccines will eliminate whooping cough, measles and mumps as
threats to our children. Allergies have become more common since vaccines
and GM crops saturated the market. Antihistamines are sedative and
100 immunotherapy injections is a lot. Herbal medicine is successful
in the treatment of viral and allergic illnesses. For allergic rhinitis
the best treatment is the essential oils of fresh Lavender, Lemonbalm, and
Peppermint in the nose, or as drops on the tongue or mix the oils in a
¼ cup of juice or water, swish 10-20 seconds in the mouth and swallow,
relief should be instant, use must continue. Eucalyptus oil kill
dust mites, a common household allergen. Take Vitamin C 200-1,000 mg
daily to shorten duration of cold. Oranges, Echinacea and
elderberry are high in vitamin C and very good at treating colds.
Initial therapy for acute asthma and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) should include supplemental oxygen and
inhaled beta-adrenergic drugs. Corticosteroids are indicated if the
initial response is insufficient or if the patient has had several recent asthma
attacks. There are two chief types of bronchodilator drugs:
adrenergic agents (Ephedra aquisetina and E. sinica and
synthetics) and those derived from theophylline (originally
isolated from tea, Camellia sinensis) which act directly on the
bronchial muscle to relieve obstructions, increase coronary blood flow and
stimulate respiration centrally. Tea as an oral treatment of 100
patients for 20 days proved effective in 93% of cases, of which 58% could be
described as excellent. During the course of treatment, sputum
decreased in 91% of the cases, cough in 85% and asthmatic symptoms in 58.1%. Streptococcus
pneumoniae is the most common bacterial cause of
pneumonia. Pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella
pnemonphila, Mycoplasma and viruses abound in the
community and gram-negative bacteria and Staphylococcus species
in hospitals. COPD patients are vulnerable to the typical
community-acquired infections. The bacterium Legionella
pneumophila causes both LegionnareÕs disease and Pontiac fever and is
an occupational hazard contaminating air-conditioning units and water
reservoirs. Empiric therapy for the majority of immune-compromised
patients with a presumed pulmonary infection includes antibiotic coverage for
both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms (usually a semi-synthetic
penicillin or a cephalosporin plus an aminoglycoside. Penicillin by
mouth and corticosteroids by mouth or nebulizer may be effective in simple lung
abscesses. Inpatient treatment of lung abscess, especially the putrid variety,
should be 2 to 6 million U crystalline penicillin G intravenously daily;
600,000 U procaine penicillin G intramuscularly every 6 hours for 4 weeks may
be sufficient in milder cases. In the presence of serious penicillin
hypersensitivity, clindamycin 600 mg 4 times daily, lincomycin 600 mg
intramuscularly every 6 hours, or erythromycin 2 gm/day may also be
used. Some observers are in favor of adding streptomycin 1 gm
intramuscularly daily for at least the first 7 to 10 days, or tetracycline 2 gm
daily to 3 to 5 days, then 1 gm daily. If Staphylococcus
aureus is found and believed to be a causative agent, intravenous
methicillin, or an equivalent drug such as nafcillin, 8 to 16 gm daily, if
penicillin resistant. Vancomycin, 500 mg intravenously every 6 hours
is an effective anti-staphylococcus drug but has significant toxicity,
resistance and probably should seldom be used. Antimicrobial
treatment should be continued for at least 2 to 3 months, sometimes even
longer. Oral doxycycline 100 mg the once a day antibiotic, for the
treatment of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), seems
more ideal than hospital treatment for a hospital acquired
infection. If Klebsiella organisms are found and are the
causative agent, the initial therapy should include kanamycin, 15 mg/kg/day
intramuscularly in 2 or 3 divided doses, the total dose being decreased if
renal insufficiency is present or appears. Metronidazole (Flagyl ER)
is a safer and possibly more effective alternative but clinical trials are
needed for the FDA to indicate its effectiveness against Klebsiella and E.
coli. When Pseudomonas is clearly the causative
organisms, gentamycin or tobramycin should be used. Metronidazole
(Flagyl ER) is indicated for the treatment of Bacteroides spp.
(e.g. B. fragilis). Doxycycline, the once a day
antibiotic, should be prescribed at hospital discharge to prevent hospital
acquired staph infections. Although azithromycin (Zmax), the world's
best-selling antibiotic, may be more a day or two more effective in most cases,
pencillin or ampicillin (Principen) are the standard treatment for pneumonia,
meningitis and upper respiratory infections, and erythromycin, a streptomycin
like Zmax, is the traditional generic alternative for patients allergic to
penicillin. Metronidazole is a uniquely effective antibiotic at
curing gastrointestinal infections without side-effects, that is also effective
against bone and joint infections lower than the middle of the thorax. In 1989
ten drugs were used for the treatment of tuberculosis and non-tubercular
mycobacteria (NTM), the four most important are isoniazid (INH), rifampin,
pyrazinamide, and ethambutol with 95% cure rates in a 6 to 9 month short course
of multiple drug chemotherapy.
Corticosteroids, sporanox (itraconazole) oral
and amphotericin B are the only medicines indicated for Aspergillus spp
(i.e. A. niger sold to academic laboratories) which causes
invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and releases a most highly carcinogenic
aflotoxin, as well as the other fungi treated by ketoconazole Coccidiodes
immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida organisms, Histoplasma
capsulatum, and Blastomyces dermatitidis. Hypoxemia can be
effectively corrected by using controlled oxygen enrichment by double nasal
cannula or Venturi masks. Expectorants and mucolytics
such as guafenesin or the herb mullein help liquefy secretions and allow one to
cough up mucus more easily. One of the best expectorants is
water. Drinking an adequate amount of water, about one quart per
day, will make clearing phlegm easier, which may lead to improved
breathing. Lung cancer has a 10-15% five year survival
rate. The probability of contracting lung cancer is 12 times higher
in smokers and 50 times higher in smokers who have been exposed to asbestos, a
fiber that only causes cancer in smokers. The most active single
antineoplastic agents are methotrexate and cisplatin. Each produces
response rate of approximately 30% (mostly partial responses) of 4 to 6 months'
duration. Cisplatin responses usually occur more
promptly. Cisplatin is an effective drug whose major route of
excretion is renal, and its use should be limited to patents with a creatinine
clearance that is more than 50 ml/minute. The standard dose is 100
mg/m2 every 3 weeks. Methotrexate is generally given at 40 mg/m2 intravenously
weekly. Methotrexate 2.5 mg, once a week, might be more effective
with fewer side-effects, exposure to community and hospital acquired infections
and carcinogens and at 70 cents a pill, lower cost. Don't lose
weight, extra rations for physical labor, pregnancy and respiratory disease.
Oncology HA-19-9-13
The skin is the largest organ. No one calls
insect bites or chickenpox tumors, but by strict medical definition they
are. The skin is about one millimeter thick. There are
about 100,000 hairs on the scalp of which about 70 are shed each
day. Hairs on the scalp grow up to 0.015 inch every day, a half an
inch a month. Fingernails grow continuously and average between 0.02
and 0.05 inch per week. Toenails grow about a third
more slowly.Histology is the study of
the microscopic anatomy of four basic tissue types: 1)
epithelia, 2) connective, 3) muscle, and 4) nervous tissues. Eczema is
an inflammation of the skin that causes the sensation of itch and makes the
sufferer want to scratch. An alternative name for eczema is
dermatitis – the two terms mean exactly the same thing and it is not
uncommon for some doctors to use the term eczema to describe the problem in
babies and dermatitis in older children and adults. The most common
reason for a dermatologic doctor visit is the overtreatment of contact
dermatitis; hydrocortisone ointment, available for $1, has the broadest
spectrum of activity without the side-effects of more powerful
corticosteroids. Acne is most common in teens but can strike at any
age. Almost 100 percent of people between 12 and 17 years old have
at least an occasional blemish. More than 40 percent of cases are
severe enough to require treatment by a doctor. About 15 million
people in the United States have some form of eczema, including 10 to 20
percent of babies. In about half of these babies, the condition will
largely clear up between the ages of 5 and 15. This condition usually appearas during
infancy. About 5 percent of the U.S. population has foot infections
,including athlete's foot, other fungal infections and warts every
year. Psoriasis affects more than 7 million Americans, about 2.6
percent of the population. More than 150,000 new cases are reported
every year, 20,0000 of them in children under 10. It is most
commonly diagnosed between ages 15 and 35. About 1 to 2 percent of
the world's population, 40 to 50 million people, suffer from vitiligo, 2
to 5 million in the U.S. It generally develops before age 40 and
affects all races and genders equally. Most skin cancer is non-melanoma cancer,
such as basal or squamous cell carcinoma. More than 1 million of
these cases are diagnosed every year. About 54,000 melanomas are diagnosed
every year, causing 7,500 deaths. About 2,000 die from non-melanoma
skin cancer. Skin cancer is the most common cancer. About
1.5 million Americans have a form of lupus. Lupus is much more
prevalent among people of color, and 90 percent of cases occur in
women. Systemic lupus usually develops between ages 15 and 45.
Acne vulgaris is a very common skin condition of
adolescents and young adults; characterized by any combination
of comedones (blackheads), pustules, cysts, and scarring of varying
severity; it is treated by washing with water and Dial soap, Benzoyl peroxide,
resorcinol, Retin-A or Accutane for severely scarring cases, for infection
topical clindamycin or erythromycin ointment or oral doxycycline, the once a
day antibiotic, is cheap and highly effective for the treatment of the skin and
greatly accelerates wound healing when the powder is applied to
topically. Keratosis are pre-cancerous skin lesions mostly found in
people over 40 when the skin begins to dry out and becomes sun sensitive, requiring
moisturizer, sunscreen, avoidance of the sun between noon and 3 pm, best
treated with the topical antineoplastic exfoliator 5-fluourouracil
(5-FU). The three kinds of malignant skin cancer are squamous cell
carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma, which has lethal
metastatic potential, are best treated by avoiding sunlight and wide surgical
excision. Aside from general anesthesia, no pain medication will
completely remove a severe burn patient's pain until they have completely
healed; surgical skin grafting and reconstructive techniques have become highly
developed. Bacterial skin infections such as impetigo are best
treated with doxycycline, that is effective against hospital acquired
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Mycobacterial
diseases such as leprosy and tuberculosis require special treatment
with Dapsone (diaminodiphenyl sulfone, DDS), rifampin, and
isoniazid. Herpes simplex virus cold sores of mouth and genitalia
are treated with Acyclovir (Zovirax). Zovirax ointment (5%),
Neo-Synalar or other antibiotic-corticosteroid ointment
and Burow's solution wet compress for 20 minutes three times a day to
relieve much of the pain and irritation.
Warts, or verrucae, are very common small tumors
of the skin caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV. There are 30
to 40 types of HPV that will affect an estimated 75% of 80% of males and
females in their lifetime. For most, HPV clears on its own, but, for
others HPV could cause cervical cancer in females and other types of HPV could
cause genital warts and oropharyngeal cancer in both males and
females. Common warts of the skin are best removed
with electrosurgery. Warts around the nails tend to recur and
are treated with Salicylic acid and trimmed with a scissors. Plantar
warts of the foot are treated with trichloroacetic acid solution,
fluorinated corticosteroid-occlusive dressing,
or cantharidin tincture and the wart is removed curettage. Moles and plantar warts can be removed
with trichloracetic acid or the propane alternative liquid nitrogen. Filliform warts, flat warts, are
snipped off with a small scissors. Moist warts (condylomata acuminate)
appearing in the anogenital areas are treated with podophyllum resin
in alcohol. Gardasil helps protect against 4 types of
HPV. In girls and young women ages 9 to 26 Gardasil helps protect
against 2 types of HPV that cause about 75% of cervical cancer cases, and 2
more types that cause 90% of genital warts in both boys and
girls. Topical fungal infections, usually Tinea (pedis, versicolor etc.)
are treated with athlete's foot cr¸me (clotimazole) that can be purchased for
$1. Cutaneous candida and sporotrichosis are treated with
oral ketoconazole. Male pattern hair loss must be differentiated from patchy hair
loss from alopecia areata or trichotillomania. Treatment
for lice, pediculosis capitis and pubis,
is lindane shampoo (Kwell or Scabene). Scabies
from mites is treated with lindane lotion (Kwell or Scabene). There
are a number of treatments for psoriasis for which fluorinated corticosteroid
cream is the mainstay. Discoid and systemic
lupus erythomatosus are characterize by a butterfly rash on the
cheeks and both are sensitive to sunlight and are treated with corticosteroids
but the systemic form affects all organs and dramatically shortens
life-expectancy.
Virtually every cell type in the body can become
cancerous. Carcinomas, leukemia, lymphomas and the various sarcomas
account for more than 95 percent of all human cancers. Malignant
tumors of the epithelial cells are known as carcinomas, benign tumors
adenomas. White blood cell cancer of the bone marrow is known as
leukemia. Cancer of the lymphatic system lymphoma. Cancer
of the connective tissues are known as sarcomas. For example, cancer of
the colon could be a cancer of the epithelial cells of the colon (carcinoma of
the colon), or of connective tissue cells of the colon (fibrosarcoma of
the colon), or even of the muscle cells in the colon (leiomyosarcoma of
the colon). General symptoms caused by many different types of
cancer are (1) persistent tiredness for no obvious reason, (2) progressive loss
of weight for no obvious reason, (3) progressive paleness of the tongue or
fingernail beds, especially if accompanying fatigue, can signify anemia from
blood loss, (4) persistent loss of appetite, (5) fracture of a bone without any
obvious trauma. According to the American Cancer Society,
approximately 1.4 million Americans will be diagnosed with cancer in 2006, and
altogether some 10.5 million Americans alive today have had a cancer diagnosis
at some time in their lives. In 2006 nearly 550,000 people will die
of cancer, which is second only to heart disease as the leading cause of death
in the United States. One out of every five people in the United
States and many other countries in the world is expected to die of
cancer. Any child born in the United States in 1985 has a more than
one in three chance of eventually developing some form of invasive
cancer.
An exhaustive epidemiologic study in 1981
estimated that tobacco was responsible for about 30 percent of all American
cancers, diet was responsible for another 35 percent, infection perhaps 10
percent, reproductive and sexual behavior about 7 percent, occupational hazards
about 5 percent, geophysical factors such as sunlight 3 percent, alcohol 3
percent, pollution 2 percent, medicine and medical practices 1 percent and food
additives and industrial products less than 1 percent each. A no
protein diet of mostly vegetables and fruit is highly curative for many but
sufficient caloric intake must be maintained, including the 5% minimum of
dietary calories from protein, usually satisfied with the accidental or
intentional mixing of vegetable amino acids. Standard cancer
treatment involves surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy and the low
survival rates are not only depressing but indicative that more research is
needed. Most patients with early stage cancer are exclusively
treated with surgery and/or radiation and chemotherapy is reserved for advanced
metastatic cancers. Radiation treatment is very expensive and
administered at ten time the lethal whole body doses precisely to the cancerous
area, but may be lethal to patients whose cancer was caused by radiation
poisoning such as the laser from a CD-ROM drive. Major surgery
involving general anesthetic and endotracheal tube is inherently dangerous and
expensive and many patients complain that they are denied
chemotherapy. Intravenous chemotherapy in high doses is very
expensive, toxic and most patients go bald. A new protocol must be
developed to provide cancer patients with low dose oral chemotherapy, namely
methotrexate 2.5 mg costing about 70 cents, once a week, for the FDA approved
purpose of treating rheumatism, while they research curative treatment at the
dumpster, doctor and oncologist's office, college and public library, athletic
exercise program, organic kitchen and herb garden. Many patients are
cured with a cancer
diet. It is limited to fresh juices
of fruits, leaves and vegetables; large quantities of raw fruit and vegetables
are given in their natural form, or finely grated, salads of fresh leaves,
fruits and vegetables, vegetables stewed in their own juice, soups, compotes,
stewed fruit, roots and oatmeal.
Potatoes may be excluded.
All must be prepared fresh and without addition of salt. After six to twelve weeks, animal
proteins are added in the form of cottage cheese (saltless and creamless) and
probiotic yoghurt.
Gastroenterology
HA-28-11-13
Approximately
20% of patients who visit a primary physician's office have urologic
problems. Gastrointestinal disease
accounts for about 10% of general practitioner consultations, 8.5% of
prescriptions and 8.3% of the cost of inpatient treatment. It is responsible 8.8% of days of
certified incapacity to work and 10% of all deaths. Chronic
abdominal disease is often first noted as colic that is intolerably painful
with exercise, forcing the patient to curtail their athletics. Because of the complicated overlapping
functions of the abdominal organs, lymphatic, biliary, urinary and digestive
system clinical diagnosis begins by pinpointing the part of the abdomen where
pain if felt, e.g. upper right quadrant pain (liver, gallbladder), epigastric
pain (transverse colon, duodenum, stomach), left upper quadrant pain (pancreas,
spleen), or flank pain (kidneys).
Exercise is not the cure for gastrointestinal disease. In general, do not exercise with more
than a fist of food in the stomach.
Snack frequently. A fresh,
healthy, gluten,, lactose, fat, potato and sugar free diet may be sufficient to
keep epigastric pain and colitis tolerable, but the colic tends to linger on
and flare up with every indulgence in fast food. Effective medicine is needed. There are a number of oral medicine and
suppositories for vomiting and nausea.
Cannabinoids are useful with cachexia, cytotoxic nausea, and
vomiting, but is not as powerful an analgesic as opium, which causes
constipation and opiate overdose deaths are up tenfold since 2001. A vegetable diet high in fiber relieves
constipation. Plain white rice is
highly curative of acute vomiting and diarrhea. Iron and vitamin B12
deficiency anemias are common causes of chronic diarrhea and phosphorus
deficiency of dental caries in vegans. Incidence of dental caries rose from 10% to 95%
after the advent of sugar in the Columbian exchange. For dental health don't eat sugar, floss
daily, brush thoroughly with natural chalk (calcium carbonate) based pH
balancing tooth powder (sold by Uncle Harry's Natural Products), when not
entirely satisfied with normal toothpaste. Use a dental pick and mirror to
scrape off tartar buildup. Brush
within ten minutes of eating table sugar and opt for fruit sweeteners such as
honey or raisins. Vegans and
antibiotic consumers who develop dental problems or diarrhea should take a
probiotic supplements to prevent vitamin B12 deficiency and provide
fecal matter. Meat and milk are
necessary to provide nutritional support for the formation of dental calcium
phosphorus apatite, and prevent iron deficiency anemia and diarrhea. However hearty twice or thrice daily
consumption of green leafy vegetables, soy and mung beans, and diverse whole
grains may extend the longevity of the vegan diet which treats heart disease,
cancer, diabetes and other endocrine disorders. Children can grow normally with a
lacto-ovo vegetarian diet. Caloric
needs are 1000 for two year olds and 1,500 to 2,000 for women and 2,000 to
2,500 for men, but vary greatly with exercise expenditure.
Stone breaker (Chanca piedra) works overnight against both gallstones and urinary
stones. Metronidazole (Flagyl ER)
is an antibiotic and antiamoebic often effective with one dose or weeklong
course for infectious diarrhea, ulcers, hernias, liver abscesses and arthritic
lower extremity infections, without gastrointestinal side effects. Metronidazole is contraindicated in the
first trimester of pregnancy, may be neurotoxic, cannot be consumed in the same
day as alcohol and is not effective against viruses or fungi. Fertile women should not consume
metronidazole and pregnant women cannot consume more than 3
ounces of alcohol daily without causing fetal alcohol syndrome. For
the specific healing of gastric ulcer colloidal bismuth (De-Nol) 5 ml in 15 ml
water half-an-hour before meals and at night 4-6 weeks causes no significant
side effects; cimetidine (Tagamet) or ranitidine (Zantac) or 'high dose'
antacid regimes, e.g. Maalox 10 l two-hourly and at night. Metronidazole is highly effective
antibiotic against Helicobacter pylori,
a very common bacterial cause and infectious agent of peptic ulcers, and is in
general very good at healing internal abdominal ulceration, infectious diarrhea
including antibiotic resistant Clostridium
difficile. The common
helminthes, with an indication of the most effective drugs administered for
treatment are roundworms or trematodes, Ascaris
by poperazimes, Trichinella by
prednisone, Trichuris or whipworms
and Strongyloides by thiabandazole,
hookworms by tetrachloroethylene, Enterobius
or pinworms by bacitracin), tapeworms or cestodes, Taenia spp. by niclosamide or dichlorophe and trematodes or flukes,
schistosomiasis by antimony. Ketoconazole is a
prescription oral antifungal effective against the common antibiotic resistant
gastrointestinal Candida infection,
but over the counter anticandidal remedies containing caprylic acid work. With probiotic supplementation
antibiotics and other necessary medicines such as NSAIDs, antineoplastics,
antifungals, antivirals, antiprotozoals and antirejection drugs are much better
tolerated without chronic gastrointestinal side-effects. Metronidazole and probiotics should be
tried and true before fecal, renal or liver transplant or gastrointestinal resection
and anostomization. One or two high doses of metronidazole
(Flagyl ER) and no other antibiotic can be tried in an attempt to avoid
emergency appendectomy with little fear of death from rupture and peritoneal
infection. Drug
treatment of irritable bowel disease (IBD) employs corticosteroids,
sulphasalazine (Salazopyrin, Asylufidine) and azathioprine (Imuran,
Azasan). Oral prednisone (Deltasone, Meticorten, Liquid Pred, Orasone, Prednicen-M, Prednicot,
Sterapred), is generally the preferred
corticosteroid, although hydrocortisone and ACTH may be given intravenously in
severe attacks. People who are allergic to or cannot tolerate sulfa drugs.
Mesalamine (Asacol,
Canasa, Rowasa), Olsalazine (Dipentum), and Balsalazide (Colazal) do
not contain sulfa. Witch hazel is the most commonly used
anti-hemorrhoid remedy used in Preparation-H.
20-25% of
hospitalization involve alcoholism. Metronidazole is strongly contraindicated
with alcohol. Each bout of
alcoholic hepatitis comes with a 10-20% chance of death, alcoholic liver
disease first requires detoxification which causes delirium tremons fatal in
15% calling for aggressive
treatment with the liver friendly benzodiazepine oxazepam. Like tobacco smokers with pulmonary
disease; alcoholic liver disease patients may need to be sent to a medical
treatment and physical labor camp in Siberia hundreds of miles away from the
nearest store, if Alcoholics Anonymous cannot restore self-respect until Russia
and the US pay Afghanistan's UN Compensation Commission Claim. When the liver does not work well
toxins accumulate which may make the brain function abnormally, e.g cause
encephalitis. One potential cause of this is accumulation of ammonia. Lactulose is sometimes used to help the body get rid of ammonia. Neomycin is an oral antibiotic sometimes
used to control the growth of ammonia-producing bacteria in the intestine. NTBC is a drug used to treat a
metabolic liver disease called tyrosinemia. Penicillamine is a commonly
used medicine for Wilson's disease leading to secretion of copper from the
body. Monovalent Hepatitis A Vaccine (Havrix GSK) or (Vaqta Merck) can be used
for the prevention of Hepatitis A, but if already infected wait a few months
before being vaccinated.
A Bivalent
(Combination) Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B Vaccine (TWINRIX GSK) and Monovalent
Hepatitis B Vaccine (Engerix-B; GSK) or Recombivax-HB; Merck) are also offered
by health care professionals.
Chronic viral hepatitis B is treated with Pegylated interferon alfa-2b
(Pegasys), Nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (NAs) such as adefovir (Hepsera),
entecavir (Baraclude), lamivudine (Epivir-HBV, Heptovir, Heptodin), telbivudine
(Tyzeka) and tenofovir (Viread). Hepatitis C is treated with a combination of Pegylated interferon alfa-2b
(Pegasys) and Ribavirin (Virazole), an antibiotic drug for certain viruses. By
itself, ribavirin has little effect on HCV, but interferon increases its
potency. Ribavirin can cause
anemia so blood counts must be monitored and can cause severe damage to the
developing fetus. 6-mercaptopurine
(Purinethol) is the oral antineoplastic agent most highly recommended for
cancers of the liver often dismissed as itchiness by unnaturally low American
rates of liver cancer in the course of cirrhotic death, metastatic cancer and
as a transient complaint during antineoplastic treatment. Kidney and liver
transplantation survival rates are, 90% and 70%-88% respectively, with the help
of anti-rejection drugs like cyclosporine, prednisone, tacrolimus. Although the 90% cure rates of fecal transplant are
impressive and fecal transplant might be effective for IBS and Parkinson's and
as an adjunct in the treatment of most serious abdominal diseases. It is however negligent to compel
patients to undergo expensive fecal transplant procedures on the basis of
vancomycin resistant C. difficile
when metronidazole resistant C. difficile
is actually the basis of medical necessity. Likewise, it is negligent to perform any
sort of elective and even many so-called emergency surgical procedures for
appendicitis, gastrointestinal ulceration or knee surgery before trying a high
dose of metronidazole (Flagyl ER) in emergency, or full course to avoid
elective surgery, and in review of the new fecal transplant procedure it may be
necessary to take metronidazole, probiotics and then undergo a fecal transplant
before engaging in any elective gastrointestinal surgeries.
Most people consume
coffee and tea, which are diuretics, daily. A deficiency in antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) production by the posterior pituitary gland results in diabetes
insipidus. People with diabetes
insipidus are unable to concentrate urine normally and therefore excrete a
large volume of urine. These
individuals can have urinary flow rates as high as 25 L/day. Thirst increases as a result of the
dehydration caused by the high urinary flow. People with neurogenic diabetes
insipidus have high urine volume and a low urinary osmolality. If ADH is administered to people with
this condition, they respond with a decrease in urinary volume and an increase
in urinary osmolality. Those with
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus have normal ADH production but lack a normal
renal ADH response. If ADH is
administered, the urinary flow rate does not decrease. Those with psychogenic diabetes
insipidus are compulsive water drinkers.
If water is withheld, the ADH secretion increases and urinary flow
decreases while osmolality increases. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion
of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is associated with pulmonary tuberculosis and
Grave's disease (the most prevalent form of hyperthyroidism). If water is restricted in an individual
with this condition, serum sodium and osmolality will return to normal. Acute urinary retention usually resolves
with mechanical manipulation by an indwelling Foley catheter for 2-3 days. 80% of 200 patients using
phenoxybenzamine, an α-adrenergenic blocker, experienced symptomatic
relief of urinary retention but did not shrink the size of the prostate. Cyproterone acetate, an antiandrogen,
caused 11 of 13 urinary retentive prostate patients in 1969 to experience
subjective improvement in urine flow and significant reduction of prostate size
in 8 of 11 biopsies. Urinary output should be maintained at 40-50 mL/h. In most cases, antibiotic therapy plus
correction of the circulating blood volume is all that is needed for complete
recovery. Persistent oliguria may
imply acute renal tubular necrosis, it should be treated by intravenous
infusion of mannitol, 12.5 g over 5 minutes and repeated after 2 hours if a
urine flow of 30 to 40 mL/h is not achieved. Furosemide, 240 mg, is given
intravenously at the time of the second infusion of mannitol. If the response to mannitol and
furosemide is poor, furosemide, 480 mg, is given intravenously. If the response to this large second
dose of furosemide is poor, no further attempts at diuresis are indicated and
standard therapy for acute renal failure is initiated. Dialysis may become necessary for kidney
failure. Radiation therapy has been employed in cases of prostatic cancer since
the early 1900s.
Insulin is a naturally-occurring hormone
secreted by the pancreas, that is required to metabolize glucose, approved by
the FDA in 1939 and is necessary for the treatment of Type 1 juvenile onset
insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Currently, insulin used for
treatment is derived from beef and pork pancreas as well as recombinant (human)
technology since 1982. Today's
brands: Insulin (Humulin, Humulin 70/30, Humulin 70/30 Pen, Humulin 50/50,
Humulin L, Humulin N, Humulin R, Humulin U Ultralente, Novolin, Novolin 70/30,
Novolin 70/30 Innolet, Novolin 70/30 PenFill, Novolin N, Novolin R). All diabetes pills sold today in the United States for the
treatment of adult onset Type 2 are
members of six classes of drugs that work in different ways to lower blood
glucose (blood sugar) levels: Sulfonylureas (first generation Chlorpropamide
(Diabinese); second generation glipizide (Glucotrol and Glucotrol XL),
glyburide (Micronase, Glynase, and Diabeta), and glimepiride (Amaryl)); Meglitinides (Repaglinide (Prandin) and
nateglinide (Starlix)); Biguanides (Metformin (Glucophage)), Thiazolidinediones
(Rosiglitazone (Avandia) and pioglitazone (ACTOS)); Alpha-glucosidase
inhibitors (Acarbose (Precose) and meglitol (Glyset)) and DPP-4 inhibitors
(Sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta),
alogliptin (Nesina)). Because the drugs listed above act in different ways to
lower blood glucose levels, they may be used together. For example, a biguanide
and a sulfonylurea may be used together. Many combinations can be used. Though
taking more than one drug can be more costly and can increase the risk of side
effects, combining oral medications can improve blood glucose control when
taking only a single pill does not have the desired effects. Switching from one
single pill to another is not as effective as adding another type of diabetes
medicine. Generic versions of some
sulfonylureas are available. These cost less than brand-name products and in
general are reliable. There is now a generic Metformin (Glucophage). For
pancreatic cancer diagnosed as insuloma Diazoxide inhibits release of insulin
and has a peripheral hyperglycemic effect, a benzothiadizine diuretic should be
given with diazoxide. Propranolol
and glucocorticoids have also been used. Without any demonstrated improvements
with combination therapy 5-FU alone is the most appropriate chemotherapy choice
for pancreatic cancer.