Hospitals & Asylums
Alcohol, Tobacco and Marijuana (ATM)
or Bust?: Racketeering Reversal HA-30-1-14
By
Anthony J. Sanders
The Grand Jury Indictment of Bob and
Maureen McDonnel by the Eastern District of Virginia on January 21, 2014
violently interferes with and falsely impersonates a personal loan from J.W., President
of Star Scientific, whose products Anatabloc® and CigRx® had received a warning
letter from the F.D.A. on December 24, and 2013. Followed shortly thereafter on January 24,
2014 by the hanging death of Jesse Ryan Loskarn, 35, former chief of staff to
U.S. Sen. Lamar Alexander of
Tennessee, who was facing child pornography charges due to an external drive
with more than 200 images illegally seized by the U.S. postal service (USPS)
from his dwelling house in violation of 39USC(I)(119)§603(3), precipitating a
stock market crash. USPS owes the
Loskarn estate $500 to authorize recovery of civil damages under 18USC(119)§2520
for the hanging death that inadvertently
occurred as a consequence to the illegal search of a dwelling house in
violation of 39USC(I)(6)§603(3) and should repeal or independently strike down
the entire Congressionally pre-authorized USPS burglary profession from Section
603 to 606 of Title 39. Jittery
investors worldwide, forewarned of a looming stock market crash, quickly
transferred their money from the stock market to the bond market, at the first
sign of unrest. The recent stock market
boom can be temporally attributed to the free association between HA and USPS
and its bust to both a sudden lack of confidence in USPS statutory blanket
search and seizure pre-authorization and a well-founded fear of having their
private business dealings federally prosecuted without any reason other than
the U.S. Attorney and Department of Justice have conspired once again to pin
their disciplinary record to victimize the soap opera like stars of their
illegally intercepted wire fraud violently interfering with commercial matters
in flagrant violation of 18USC(I)(95)1951. The Eastern
District of Virginia seems to be recriminating against a New Year's day order
to drop their self-incriminating racketeering charges against Megavideo et al.
Due process requires the "racketeering" prosecutors interfering
with commerce in Megavideo, McDonnel, Blagojevich and similar cases, who do not
drop the charges, to be included in the "force reduction" notices
terminating the police finance functions of the Drug Enforcement Administration
(DEA) and Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) under 5USCIIIB(35)I§3502(d). More than 50% of federal prisoners are
harmless drug offenders and over 60% of those marijuana. Legal marijuana is so much better for the
health than alcohol and medical marijuana that the teams playing in the
Superbowl XLVIII (2014), the Seattle Seahawks and Denver Broncos, are
Washington and Colorado, the only two states to have legalized marijuana. To realize the goodness of the President's
inequality propaganda seizing the market in response to debt slavery
allegations against India, it has previously been found that pardoning Rod
Blagojevich as directed by, The Bar Between
Wisdom and Wealth: Pardon Rod Blagojevich, is necessary for Obama to get
federal government right, Blagojevich's
"federal bailout" is valued at more than $100 billion in annual
savings to the federal budget. 7th
Cir. Judge Posner is posed with the solution of Martial's law so that it is not
plagiarism to free a slave under 18USC§205(d)(1) but it is plagiarism to enslave a free person (a)(1), in the
Blagojevich case of the local practice of incarcerating their former Governors
on hypocritical racketeering charges. These
racketeering federal prosecutors, seem to project their dissatisfaction with their
drug racketeering career at equally innocent, but not so soft, public figures
in the beginning of the New Year before they break their resolution and go back
to the easy life of drug slavery. The Attorney
General must either remove Marijuana from the Controlled Substances Act (CSA)
failing to abolish the DEA and ATF or include Alcohol and Tobacco as Schedule
II drugs and Marijuana as Schedule III while abolishing the DEA and ATF police
functions and transferring medical and social functions to an FDA Center for
Alcohol, Tobacco and Marijuana (ATM) under 5USCIIIB(35)I§3503(a).
1. Unlawful Execution of Postal
Search in the Jesse Ryan Loskarn Child Porn Case
2. Interference with a Personal Loan
between Bob and Maureen McDonnel and J.W. President of Star Scientific
3. Rescheduling Alcohol (II), Tobacco
(II) and Marijuana (III) in, or Removing Marijuana from the Schedules of the
CSA
4. A Congressional Holiday against
Torture with Pay
Amendments
Alexander, Lamar (U.S.
Sen.-Tenn.). Repealing Sec. 603-606. Title 39 Postal Service. United States
Code
Sanders, Tony J.
Sec. 307c Reclassifying Alcohol, Tobacco and Marijuana in the Controlled
Substances Act (CSA). Drug Regulation. Book 8. 12th Draft. Hospitals &
Asylums HA-25-1-14
Cases
Amices Brief. Paroline v. Amy Unknown. U.S. 5th Cir. No. 12-856120 November,
2013 Reported by Wong, Peter. Oregon Law Students Get Their Day in Supreme
Court: Brief Turns to International Law In Support of Restitution for Victims
of Child Sexual Abuse. USA Today. 19
January 2014
Blakely v. Washington No. 02-1632 of
June 24, 2004
McDonald
v. United States,
335 U.S. 451 (1948)
Rakas v. Illinois 439U.S.128 (1978)
Sanders, Tony J. Wikileaks: Honorable
Discharge of Bradley Manning HA-31-1-12; Snowden
ex. rel. v. President Obama; National Security Administration (NSA) HA-6-1-14
U.S. v. Bob and Maureen McDonnell. Eastern District of Virginia. Grand Jury Indictment. No.
3:14cr12 Richmond, Virginia. January 2014. Reported by Alman, Ashley. Bob
McDonnel, Wife Indicted on Federal Corruption Charges. Huffington Post. 21
January 2014
U.S
.v. Megavideo;
Kim Dotcom et al. Eastern District of Virginia. Grand Jury Indictment. No. 1:12 CR3
Alexandria, Virginia. January 5, 2012 as reported by Sanders, Tony J. Lame Duck
Speak HA-1-1-14
Whitney v.
California, 274
U.S. 357 (1927)
Zagel,
James B.J. U.S. v. Rod Blagojevich et al.
Northern District of Illinois No. 08 CR
888 February 2008. Holderman, James F. C.J. Motion to Disclose Intercepted
Communications. 594
F.Supp.2d 993 (2009), Denial of Appeal en banc 614
F.3d 287 (2010), Exclusion of
Jurors 612
F. 3d 558 (2010) as reported by
Sanders, Tony J. The Bar
Between Wisdom and Wealth: Pardon Rod Blagojevich. Hospitals & Asylums HA-19-1-13
Treaties
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment of 1984.
Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors
of 7 September 1990
International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights of 23 March 1976
Code
Activities of Officers and Employees in Claims Against and Other
Matters Affecting Government 18USC§205
Conditions to Allowance in the Case of Alcohol
and Tobacco Tax 26USC(F)(65)(B)§6423, Cigar Tax Rates 27CFR(I)(40)(C)§40.21, Pipe Tobacco
and Roll-Your-Own Tobacco Tax Rates and Classification 27CFR(I)(40)(C)§40.25a
Controlled Substances Act (CSA). Authority and
Criteria for Classification of Substances 21USC(13)§
811, Schedules of Controlled Substances 21USC(13)§812
Searches Authorized 39USC(I)(6)§603
Torture 18USC(113C)§2340A
Reports
Gilligan,
James, M.D. Why Some Politicians are More Dangerous than Others. Polity Press.
Malden, Massachusetts. 2011
Posner, Richard A. The Little Book
of Plagiarism. Pantheon Books. New York. 2007
Sanders, Tony. Rolling
Back the Tobacco Tax of 2009 Act HA-10-10-10
1. Unlawful Execution of Postal
Search in the Jesse Ryan Loskarn's Child Pornography Case
Condolences on the hanging death of
Jesse Ryan Loskarn, 35, former chief of staff to U.S. Sen. Lamar Alexander of
Tennessee. So much for the constitutionality of USPS Congressional search
and seizure statute and the idea that the USPS might somehow have better luck
suing and being sued regarding a criminal case than myself or the FDA. It
was apparently USPS executing a search warrant who discovered an external drive
with over 200 child porn files. Loskarn was probably overwhelmed by the
child porn cases in the news, particularly the one about the police chief, if
he wasn't actually murdered/dosed with dimethoxymethylamphetamine, 50 times more
powerful than DMT, to remind people just how cruel and unusual child porn
charges are. That's what happened to Dr. Michael Luebbe, a university
music professor after he was falsely charged with child pornography that had
been spammed onto his computer when he asked a computer consultant to delete it
from his computer, he died at a young age shortly after serving the full five
year sentence, when the prosecutor of the case was imprisoned. The Oregon
Supreme Court recently dismissed child porn charges in two cases where the
images had been automatically downloaded from websites citing the Netherlands
child porn study that called for mandatory restitution of the exploited
children, running between $100 to $1.2 million for one child porn star with a
prosecuting pimp daddy (the principle of victim compensation should probably
more widely applied in all genuine prosecutions) Paroline v. Amy Unknown, United States. 5th Cir. No.
12-856120 November, 2013. USPS and Congress
might wish to consider repealing Sections 603 through 606 of Title 39 of the
United States Code pertaining to the Postal Service. The search for child
porn in Mr .Loskarn's home by USPS does not seem to be authorized by
Congressional statute and ultimately resulted in his death. Searches
authorized 39USC(I)(6)§603 states, The Postal Service
may authorize any officer or employee of the Postal Service to make searches
for mail matter transported in violation of law. When the authorized officer
has reason to believe that mailable matter transported contrary to law may be
found therein, he may open and search any—(1) vehicle passing, or having lately passed, from a place at
which there is a post office of the United States; (2) article being, or having
lately been, in the vehicle; or (3) store or office, other than a dwelling house, used or
occupied by a common carrier or transportation company, in which an article may
be contained. The postal service was not
authorized to search the Loskarn home where they discovered the child
pornography. USPS owes the
Loskarn estate $500 to authorize recovery of civil damages under 18USC(119)§2520
for the hanging death that inadvertently
occurred as a consequence to the illegal search of a dwelling house in violation
of 39USC(I)(6)§603(3) and should repeal or independently strike down the entire
Congressionally pre-authorized USPS burglary profession from Section 603 to 606
of Title 39.
The Loskarn child pornography case
reveals a fatal weakness in First Amendment Privacy Protection, as codified at
42USC(21A)§2000aa. It is provided in
both paragraphs (a)(1) and (b)(1) search or seizure may be
conducted under the provisions of this paragraph if the offense consists of the
receipt, possession, or communication of information relating to the national
defense, classified information, or restricted data under the provisions of
section 793, 794, 797, or 798 of title 18, or section 2274, 2275, or 2277 of title 42, or section 783 of title 50, pertaining to espionage cases such Wikileaks: Honorable Discharge of Bradley Manning HA-31-1-12 and Snowden ex. rel. v. President Obama; National Security Administration (NSA) HA-6-1-14 or if
the offense involves the production, possession, receipt, mailing, sale,
distribution, shipment, or transportation of child pornography, the sexual
exploitation of children, or the sale or purchase of children under section 2251, 2251A, 2252, or 2252A of title 18) such as Loskarn, Luebbe and their prosecutors who have
also been imprisoned and committed suicide.
The
Fourth Amendment protection against unrestricted searches and the First Amendment
guarantee of freedom of speech are closely linked. The right to speak freely
without government intrusion lies at the core of First Amendment protection.
Indeed, “our founders believed that freedom to think as you will and to speak
as you think are means indispensable to the discovery and spread of political
truth” in Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357 (1927). In
Rakas v. Illinois (1978) 439U.S.128 it was determined that to
accurately gauge probable cause required by the Fourth Amendment against an
individual's right to privacy officers must not “violate a person's legitimate
interest to privacy”. The warrant
requirement is no mere formality, it is a crucial safeguard against abuses in McDonald
v. United States, 335 U.S. 451 (1948).
These espionage and child porn special prosecutions strangely
exempted from First Amendment Privacy Protection clearly require equal
protection under the Fifth Amendment privilege against non-self incrimination
which provides; A
confession, shall be admissible in evidence if it is voluntarily given under
18USC(II)(223)§3501. Whenever a
witness refuses, on the basis of his privilege against self-incrimination, to
testify or provide other information and
the person presiding over the proceeding communicates to the witness an order
issued under this title, the witness may not refuse to comply with the order on
the basis of his privilege against self-incrimination; but no testimony or
other information compelled under the order (or any information directly or
indirectly derived from such testimony or other information) may be used
against the witness in any criminal case, except a prosecution for perjury,
giving a false statement, or otherwise failing to comply with the order under
18USC(V)(601)§6002. Rule 41 (e) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure
disqualifies evidence when, (1) the property was illegally seized without
warrant, (2) the warrant is insufficient on its face, (3) the property seized
is not that described in the warrant, (4) there was not probable cause for
believing the existence of the grounds on which the warrant was issued, (5) the
warrant was illegally executed.
2. Interference with a Personal Loan
between Bob and Maureen McDonnel and J.W. President of Star Scientific
JW from Star Scientific wants his
money back for the McDonnel family wedding.
The U.S. does not have a criminal case against anyone but the Attorney
General Master Tobacco Fund prosecutors who brought this case. The so
called Eastern District of Virginia Grand Jury seems to be acting on the
premise that Gov. Christie will employ them even after they go publicly insane
and quit because of their guilty feeling regarding robbing and incarcerating a
high level state executive with the illegally intercepted information, armed
robbery and obstruction charges applicable only to the prosecution in this
case, and in other racketeering prosecutions like it. A $50,000 under the table loan does not
distort a $2,500,000 declaration of assets and liabilities to a lending
company, but false criminal charges against a former governor and his wife by
ostensibly bar certified prosecutors perpetrating the crimes they allege others
to have committed does. The aforesaid tobacco fund is supposed to pay for 100%
of the State Children's Health Insurance Costs but they have instead been
wasted on scandalous corrupt prosecutors. It is the responsibility of the
legal system to get the politically charged federal drug offenders,
particularly marijuana, out of federal prison, not invent new ways of interfering
with commerce with threats and violence. On Dec. 31, 2013, the same day a
high school friend of mine who had settled on long term mental health treatment
in the public health system, died at age 39, Star Scientific wrote that they
had received a warning letter from the FDA regarding consumer products.
Star Scientific, Inc. (NASDAQ:STSI) announced the receipt on December 24,
2013, of a warning letter from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
regarding two consumer products, Anatabloc® and CigRx®, which are marketed by
the Company. The letter requires the Company to respond to the FDA with
information and remedial steps. Both of the Company's consumer products
contain anatabine, a substance naturally occurring in various plants. In the
letter, the agency asserts that anatabine is a new dietary ingredient that
required premarket notification to the agency. The agency also asserts that the
Company's products are unapproved new drugs based on statements made on the
Company's websites. As is typical for warning letters issued by FDA, the
agency stated that the Company's failure to address these alleged violations
may result in regulatory action by the FDA without further notice. The
Company is responding to the letter and has already advised the agency that it
intends to work cooperatively to resolve these issues, including undertaking a
review of the Company's websites. Certain statements contained in this
release constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private
Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements include, but are not
limited to statements identified by words such as "believes,"
"expects," "anticipates," "estimates,"
"intends," "plans," "targets,"
"projects" and similar expressions. The statements in this release
are based upon the current beliefs and expectations of our company's management
and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. Actual results may
differ from those set forth in the forward-looking statements. Numerous factors
could cause or contribute to such differences, including, but not limited to,
results of clinical trials and/or other studies, the challenges inherent in new
product development initiatives, including the continued development and market
acceptance of our nutraceutical dietary supplements products, the effect of any
competitive products, our ability to license and protect our intellectual
property, our ability to raise additional capital in the future that is
necessary to maintain our business, changes in government policy and/or
regulation, potential litigation by or against us, any governmental review of
our products or practices and the outcome of the ongoing investigations as well
as other risks discussed from time to time in our filings with the Securities
and Exchange Commission, including, without limitation, our annual report on
Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012 and our
quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended March 31,
2013, June 30, 2013, and September 30, 2013.
The crime
of racketeering is defined under 18USC(I)(95)1951(a) as interference with
commerce with threats and violence so that, Whoever in any way or degree
obstructs, delays, or affects commerce or the movement of any article or
commodity in commerce, by robbery or extortion or attempts or conspires so to
do, or commits or threatens physical violence to any person or property in
furtherance of a plan or purpose to do anything in violation of this section
shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or
both. But who is it that is interfering
with commerce with threats and violence?
It is 2014 and the United States cannot continue to employ or sustain
the conviction of these self-incriminating racketeering prosecutors who libel
respectable citizens with crimes that can only be construed to have been
committed by themselves during the course of one investigation. The Eastern
District of Virginia has exhibited a clear predilection for these racketeering
cases in January when the racketeering charge appeals to their seasonal
affective disorder, which involves delusions of grandeur pertaining the
geolocation of the Styrene Institute in their district, which qualifies the
U.S. Attorney and U.S. Department of Justice officials prosecuting these alleged
racketeering cases for disability insurance as a successful resolution of both U.S
.v. Megavideo; Kim Dotcom et al. Eastern
District of Virginia. Grand Jury Indictment. No. 1:12 CR3 Alexandria, Virginia.
January 5, 2012 and U.S. v. Bob and
Maureen McDonnell. Eastern District of Virginia. Grand Jury Indictment. No.
3:14cr12 Richmond, Virginia. January 2014. Reported by Alman, Ashley. Bob
McDonnel, Wife Indicted on Federal Corruption Charges as reported in the
Huffington Post on 21 January 2014. The
Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors of 7 September 1990 provides at paragraph 14 Prosecutors shall not initiate or continue prosecution, or shall make
every effort to stay proceedings, when an impartial investigation shows the
charge to be unfounded. 15. Prosecutors
shall give due attention to the prosecution of crimes committed by public
officials, particularly corruption, abuse of power, grave violations of human
rights and other crimes recognized by international law and, where authorized
by law or consistent with local practice, the investigation of such
offences. 16. When prosecutors come into
possession of evidence against suspects that they know or believe on reasonable
grounds was obtained through recourse to unlawful methods, which constitute a grave
violation of the suspect's human rights, especially involving torture or cruel,
inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, or other abuses of human rights,
they shall refuse to use such evidence against anyone other than those who used
such methods, or inform the Court accordingly, and shall take all necessary
steps to ensure that those responsible for using such methods are brought to
justice.
The Superceding Indictment
of Northern District of Illinois Judge James B. Zagel in U.S. v. Rod Blagojevich et al. No. 08 CR
888 dated February 2008 offends the public integrity of the United States from
its U.S. Department of Justice Public Integrity Office to the black slave owner
in the White House and fiscally incompetent Secretaries of Transportation and
Education from Illinois, costing the federal deficit more than $100 billion in
superfluous, deposits in the Student Loan and Highway Trust Funds, marked
imaginary and consequential out of control T-bond sales. Of
Illinois' last seven governors, four have ended up going to prison. They are:
Rod Blagojevich – Governor from 2002 through 2009, when he became the first
Illinois governor in history to be impeached. Convicted of numerous corruption
charges in 2011, including allegations that he tried to sell or trade President
Barack Obama's old Senate seat. George Ryan – Governor from 1999 through 2003.
After leaving office, was convicted of racketeering for actions as governor and
secretary of state. In November 2007, began serving a 6 1/2 year sentence in federal
prison and was released on January 30, 2013.
Dan Walker – Governor from 1973-1977. Pleaded guilty to bank fraud and
other charges in 1987 related to his business activities after leaving office.
Spent about a year and a half in federal prison. Otto Kerner – Governor from
1961-1968. Resigned to become judge, then was convicted of bribery related to
his tenure as governor. Sentenced to three years in prison. The high level of office that this local
practice offends, the African-American President of the United States, and
unlawful amount of T-bonds sold deprives Americans of an intangible right of honest services.. A claim by a party aggrieved that
evidence is inadmissible because it is the primary product of an unlawful act
or because it was obtained by the exploitation of an unlawful act, the opponent
of the claim shall affirm or deny the occurrence of the alleged unlawful act
under 18USC(II)(223)§3504. In
the Motion to Disclose Intercepted Communications: US v. Rod Blagojevich and John Harris 594 F.Supp.2d 993 (2009) Northern District of
Illinois Chief Judge James F. Holderman reports that on December 9, 2008, agents of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation arrested Illinois Governor Rod R. Blagojevich pursuant to a
criminal complaint filed in this case. That complaint charged defendant
Blagojevich with two counts of alleged criminal conduct: one count of
conspiring to defraud the citizens of Illinois of their right to his honest
services in violation of the mail and wire fraud statutes, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341,
1343, 1346, and 1349, and one count of corruptly soliciting and demanding the
firing of Chicago Tribune editorial board members who had been critical of
defendant Blagojevich, in exchange for the awarding of millions of dollars in
financial assistance from the State of Illinois in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§
666(a)(1)(B) and 2. Within
days of defendant Blagojevich's arrest, the Illinois House of Representatives
adopted House Resolution 1650, creating a Special Investigative Committee
"for the purpose of (i) investigating allegations of misfeasance,
malfeasance, nonfeasance, and other misconduct of Governor Rod R. Blagojevich
and (ii) making a recommendation as to whether cause exists for
impeachment." H.R. Res. 1650, 95th Gen. Assem., Reg. Sess. (Ill. 2008). The United States of America (the
"government") on December 29, 2008, filed a Motion to Disclose
Intercepted Communications to the Special Investigative Committee of the
Illinois House of Representatives (Dkt. No. 16). Although the Chief Judge of the District
takes full responsibility for authorizing the wire fraud the United States
failed to stop charging the defendant with these charges as required to do by
paragraph 16 of the Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors. The Superseding Indictment written by Northern District of
Illinois Judge James B. Zagel in U.S.
v. Rod Blagojevich et al. No. 08 CR 888 dated February 2008 lists as
violations: Title 18, Sections 1001(a)(2), 1343, 1346, 1349, 1951(a), and
1962(d). The Appeal of Chicago Tribune Company,
The New York Times Company, Illinois Press Association, and Illinois
Broadcasters Association indicates that the press has dropped the
inapplicable theft or bribery concerning programs receiving federal funds §666 charges in U.S. v. Rod
and Robert Blagojevich, Defendants the Denial of Appeal en banc 614 F.3d 287 (2010)
and 612 F. 3d 558 (2010) which both serve to exclude the names of jurors
from the mass media to protect them from the racketeering charges which have
been substituted for the equally false theft or bribery concerning programs
receiving federal funds charges.
The
Judges of the 7th Cir. Court of Appeals express that they are too
scared to redress the cruel and unusual Illinois tradition of falsely
imprisoning their former Governors, beginning with Rod Blagojevich et al which
came to their attention because it so seriously corrupts the administration of
the black lawyer President. Reason
being, 7th Circuit Court Judge Posner, has not solved Martial's
law. In 'Little Book of Plagiarism' he
writes, "Plagiarism is a species
of intellectual fraud. It consists of unauthorized copying that the
copier claims (whether explicitly or implicitly and whether deliberately or
carelessly) is original with him and the claim causes the copier’s audience to
behave otherwise than it would if it knew the truth. The issue being
the libel caused by the release of illegally obtained evidence seems to have a
doubly damaging effect on the alleged defendant, not only by the innocuous
speculative information contained therein, but also because the crimes of
illegally obtaining the evidence are abusively applied to the defendant and in
these racketeering cases before us, is the exclusive source of violation of the
laws, for which people are serving years in prison for crimes they did not
commit. The Latin word plagarias was
first used in its modern sense by Roman poet Martial in the first century
AD. A plagarius was someone who stole another’s slave or enslaved a
free person" (Posner 07:82, 90). The fear
expressed by the judges of the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals seems to
be derived from the part about "stealing another's slave" and to
those who have not actually solved Martial's law these poetic slaves, Rod
Blagojevich et al, falsely accused of
the crimes of the racketeering prosecutors,
belong to the Illinois. President Barack Obama, who has the power to
pardon his supporters if wished to do so as Commander in Chief of the Armed
Forces, and none dare challenge his military might The solution of Martial's
law however takes some time to come to the realization that a person does not
belong to another, this delusional ownership of another is all that perpetuates
slavery. The Constitution therefore
provided for both the President to pardon prisoners and any Judge of the United
States the right to acquit them. To solve Martial's law it is not plagiarism to free a slave 18USC§205(d)(1)
but it is plagiarism to
enslave a free person §205(d)(1)…Human
Subject Graduation. HA-12-1-14
It
is indiscrete that these racketeering prosecutors continue to slave a free
person despite the moral hazard posed to the peculiar institution by an
African-American lawyer President and Attorney General, who have so far, not
made any headway reducing the steadily increasing national and federal penal
populations. Racial disparities among
prisoners persist, particularly in the 25-29 age group, 8.1% of black men,
about one in 13, were behind bars, compared with 2.6% of Hispanic men and 1.1%
of white men. Making the black President
the slave owner of his innocent former supporter and 'master' amounts to
exclusion of jurors on account of race or color under 18USC(13)§243. The President's labor agenda in his State of
the Union is only answering to the Indian problem of debt slavery. Besides the President' free will, and federal
budget in general, the Departments of Education and Transportation budgets have
been corrupted by Blagojevich's 'federal bailout' and more than $100 billion a
year could be saved, from these two departments alone, who safely put the
fantasy money in the student loan and highway fund respectively, until the day
the federal government bails out Rod Blagojevich, and the truth is known
regarding the 'Federal Budget Balanced to
Prevent 100% of GDP Debt FY2012'. To
redress The Gap Between Wisdom and Wealth: Pardon
Rod Blagojevich et al, U.S. v. Blagojevich et al No.
08 CR 888 must be overturned. A
Presidential pardon is order, but an acquittal by any federal judge, is
honest. It is however not that simple Art. 14(6) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights of 23 March 1976, requires, “when a person has by a final decision been
convicted of a criminal offence and when subsequently his conviction has been
reversed or he has been pardoned on the ground that a new or newly discovered
fact shows conclusively that there has been a miscarriage of justice, the
person who has suffered punishment as a result of such conviction shall be
compensated according to law”. The United
States needs to pay and we don't have any experience Pakistan, Afghanistan and
Yemen (PAY) ing due to invasion of the news media by some armed Security
Agreement. To pay on a budget, with what
money exists on the public record in regards to this case, it is suggested to
charge the prosecutors of the Northern District of Illinois with the $5,000 fine
for the exclusion of jurors 18USC(13) §243 pertaining to their local practice
of falsely imprisoning their former Governor beyond their ability to conceal
from the news media of the defamed black slave owner in the White House. Blagojevich is a lawyer, fully qualified for
federal office, and due to his false arrest and incarceration he might, with
the reconciliation and protection of the President, not only be publicly freed,
to secure the blessings of liberty for the nation, but be appointed to be an
inspired leader of the efforts of the Obama administration to normalize the
prison population.
Blakely v. Washington No. 02-1632 of June 24, 2004 “eliminated sentencing
guidelines schemes and 20 years of sentencing reform". Composition of Institutional Review Boards where prisoners are involved
requires that at least one
member of the Board shall be a prisoner, or a prisoner representative with
appropriate background and experience to serve in that capacity, except that
where a particular research project is reviewed by more than one Board only one
Board need satisfy this requirement under 45CFR§46.304(b)
Biomedical or behavioral research conducted or supported by DHHS shall
not involve prisoners as subjects except for research on practices, which have
the intent and reasonable probability of improving the health or well-being of
the subject 45CFR§46.306(b)(a)(iv). State studies have shown that
earning a college degree in prison eliminates recidivism by 100% which
otherwise runs at around 60% re-incarceration in three years (Gilligan '11:90,
91).
3. Rescheduling Alcohol (II),
Tobacco (II) and Marijuana (III) in, or Removing Marijuana from the Schedules
of the CSA
The US Attorney General with the advice of the Secretary of
Health and Human Services may choose to reclassify a drug under 21USC(13)§
811(s)(2)(a) of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). The President and Attorney General
express interest in getting the Drug Schedules of the Controlled Substances Act
(CSA) right. §307c of Drug Regulation (DR) has been amended for Reclassifying Alcohol,
Tobacco and Marijuana in the CSA. It states; A. Five schedules of controlled substances; I, II, III, IV,
and V are established under 21USC(13)§812.
(1) Schedule I.— (A) The drug or other substance has a
high potential for abuse. (B) The drug or other substance has no currently
accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. (C) There is
a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical
supervision.
(2) Schedule II.—(A) The drug or other
substance has a high potential for abuse. (B) The
drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in
the United States or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions. (C) Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead
to severe psychological or physical dependence. (3) Schedule III.— (A) The
drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less than the drugs or other
substances in schedules I and II. (B) The drug or
other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United
States. (C) Abuse of the drug or other substance
may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological
dependence.
(4) Schedule IV.— (A) The drug or other substance has a
low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule
III. (B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical
use in treatment in the United States. (C) Abuse
of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or
psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule
III. (5) Schedule
V.— (A) The drug or other substance has a low
potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV. (B) The drug or other substance has a currently
accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. (C) Abuse
of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or
psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule
IV.
The Attorney General may by rule—
(1) add to such a schedule or transfer between such schedules any drug or
other substance if he— (A) finds that such drug or other substance has a
potential for abuse, and (B) makes with respect to such drug or other
substance the findings prescribed for the schedule in which such drug is to be
placed; or (2) remove any drug or other substance
from the schedules if he finds that the drug or other substance does not meet
the requirements for inclusion in any schedule under 21USC(13)§811. The
Attorney General shall, before initiating proceedings to control a drug or
other substance or to remove a drug or other substance entirely from the
schedules, and after gathering the necessary data, request from the Secretary a
scientific and medical evaluation, and his recommendations, as to whether such
drug or other substance should be so controlled or removed as a controlled
substance. In making such evaluation and recommendations. the Attorney
General shall consider the following factors with respect to each drug or other
substance proposed to be controlled or removed from the schedules: (1) Its
actual or relative potential for abuse. (2) Scientific
evidence of its pharmacological effect, if known. (3) The
state of current scientific knowledge regarding the drug or other substance. (4) Its history and current pattern of abuse. (5) The scope, duration, and significance of abuse. (6) What, if any, risk there is to the public health. (7) Its psychic or physiological dependence
liability. (8) Whether the substance is an
immediate precursor of a substance already controlled.
Should
the Attorney General remove marijuana from the schedule entirely or should
alcohol and tobacco be included? The substantive legal issue is that
marijuana is a Schedule I narcotic although it is a popular recreational drug
with no fatalities and mild psychological dependence and although it is
harmless since mandatory minimum sentencing began in the 1980s more than half
of the inmates in federal penitentiaries are detained on federal drug charges
and 60% of those for marijuana. This armed robbery of recreational drugs
dealers is adequately described as interference with commerce with threats
and violence 18USC(I)(95)1951. The
federal prosecutors seem to swear off drug slavery every New Year for First
Amendment Privacy Protection reasons but then without citing any literature assault
soft political and financial targets with their confession of racketeering. A
number of state ballot measures have attempted to appeal the medical
acceptability of marijuana use however legalization seems to be a healthier
approach. The question of whether to remove marijuana from the drug
schedule entirely or to include alcohol and tobacco in order to provide the
public with a meaningful lesson regarding the potential for abuse and addiction
found in the drugs many Americans consume everyday, hinges upon the existence
of federally financed "drug enforcement". If the federal police
finance of the Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) and Drug Enforcement
Administration (DEA) were abolished and their drug regulatory functions
transferred to an FDA Center for Alcohol, Tobacco and Marijuana (ATM) and Drug
Evaluation Agency (DEA) it would be safe to use the drug schedules of the CSA
to inform the public of the comparative dangers of psychotropic drug
addiction. However, if the police drug finance is not definitively
terminated, and drug regulatory functions not transferred to the FDA,
marijuana should be removed from the drug schedules entirely. An
employee to be released, due to a "reduction in force", shall be given written notice, at least 60 days before
such employee is so released under 5USCIIIB(35)I§3502(d). When a
function is transferred from one agency to another, each competing employee in
the function shall be transferred to the receiving agency for employment in a
position for which he is qualified before the receiving agency may make an
appointment from another source to that position under 5USCIIIB(35)§3503(a). Police finance and duplicate drug seizure and
arrest statistics are not functions of the ATM, the DEA registration, and drug
stockpiles shall continue to function undisturbed. No functions are evident for the federal regulation
of alcohol and tobacco beyond excise taxes, deferred until the federal
government both refunds hand rolling tobacco consumers their tax increase with
a complete tax exemption for about 50 years and legalizes marijuana. Criminal
justice functionaries would be released with whatever social insurance or
reemployment they individually merit while functional drug regulatory employees
of the ATF and DEA, would be transferred to the FDA as a Center for Alcohol,
Tobacco and Marijuana (ATM) and Drug Evaluation Agency (DEA) without any need
for either Presidential or Congressional approval until the technical details
and moral hzards are worked out between the Attorney General and the Commissioner
of the FDA.
(1)
Although marijuana is harmless alcohol, tobacco and narcotics can lead to
serious life threatening addictions, which the public needs to be made aware. But
first we must treat on fact that the DEA regulation of narcotics as we know it
is a serious organized crime threatening the lives of victims of severe pain
who get addicted to narcotic pain relievers.
Opioids are the frontline against severe pain whereas other
non-addictive painkillers are under development. Opiates are addictive
and the average person who injects heroin daily develops the habit within 2 weeks.
Percocet is usually prescribed for the first few days, then Oxycontin for more
prolonged pain. Fatal drug overdoses from opioids increased for the
11th straight year and the injectable narcotic agonists Narcan
(naloxone) should be administered by emergency responders to reverse potentially
deadly respiratory depression and coma. Naltrexone became clinically
available in 1985 as a new narcotic antagonist. Its actions resemble those of
naloxone, but naltrexone is well is well absorbed orally and is long acting,
necessitating only a dose of 50 to 100 mg. DEA regulation takes most of
the blame for the increase in fatal prescription opiate drug overdoses, making
it difficult to pin the blame on doctors prescribing opiates to incorrigible
opiate addicts. The Journal of the American Medical Association reports that
drug overdose deaths were on the rise for the 11th straight year. There were a
total of 38,329 drug overdose deaths in 2010 according to the Centers of
Disease Control and Prevention -- and 60 percent were due to medications, the
majority of which were prescription drugs.
Opiod drugs, which include OxyContin and Vicodin, were the most
frequently involved, accounting for three out of four medication overdose
deaths. Only 17 percent of the deaths were suicides, meaning the vast majority
were unintentional overdoses. The
Department of Justice reported that fatal overdoses from methadone increased
from 500 in 1999 to more than 5,000 in 2006. Narcotic
Antagonists prevent or abolish excessive respiratory depression caused by the
administration of morphine or related compounds. Naltrexone (Narcan) became clinically
available in 1985 as a new narcotic antagonist. Its actions resemble those of
naloxone, but naltrexone is well is well absorbed orally and is long acting,
necessitating only a dose of 50 to 100 mg.
Narcotic Antagonists must be made available as rescue medicine with opioid
prescriptions.
Narcotics,
also known as opioids, are derived from opium (Papaverum somniferum) that has been used for pain relief for
thousands of years. Potent opioids
commonly use in the postoperative patient are morphine, Dilaudid, and rarely,
Demerol. In some cases, a superpotent
synthetic narcotic, fentanyl, is used postoperatively. Fentanyl is about 100 times more potent than
morphine in relieving pain. Weak opioids
drugs, like Darvocet and Vicodin, are widely prescribed narcotics for mild to
moderate pain following surgery. Codeine
is another weak opioid available in liquid form and more commonly uised for
mild to moderate pain in the pediatric population. Narcotics taken by the oral route result in
highly variable blood levels due to unpredictable absorption from the gastrointestinal
tract. However, because 65 percent of
all surgeries are done on an outpatient basis, we must rely heavily on the oral
route. Weak opioids are inadequate for
severe surgical pain. The most common
routes of administration of potent narcotics for severe pain are: by injection
– either intravenous (directly into the bloodstream), subcutaneous (into the
fat below the skin), or intramuscular (directly into the muscle); or by the
spinal or epidural route. Blood levels of narcotic medication following
intravenous injection are more predictable than intramuscular injection. Use of
spinal morphine may produce intense analgesia for eighteen to twenty-four
hours, and the epidural catheter can be left in and morphine continued for
days. A patient controlled analgesia
(PCA) device is a computer controlled pump that delivers predetermined dose of
narcotic into you intravenous tubing whenever you press a button. Studies have shown decreased total narcotic
usage with PCA when compared to intermittent injections.
Of the more than
25 alkaloids obtained from opium and its extracts, the most important are
morphine (4-21%) codeine (0.8-2.5%) noscapine or narcotine (4-8%) papaverine
(0.5-2.5%) and thebaine (0.5-2%).
Isolated in 1803, morphine came into general use as a painkiller in the
1830s, but only after the perfection of the hypodermic needle in 1853 could the
drug be used to obtain rapid relief. It
was widely dispensed during the American Civil War and the Franco-Prussian war
and addiction to morphine became known as the soldier’s disease. Substitutes were sought, and in 1898, with
major acclaim, heroin was placed on the market as a harmless, non-addicting
substitute for morphine and codeine. By
1905 a leading text asserted that heroin was addictive. Action in the central nervous system includes
a general decrease in brain arousal to painful stimulation and also depresses
respiration in overdose. Female addicts
often have delayed and irregular menstruation and likelihood of pregnancy is
reduced, if pregnancy results, there is a much greater risk of a handicapped
birth, such as low birth weight. Heroin overdoses that fatally depressed
respiration accounted for 1154 deaths during 1970 alone. The average person who
injects heroin daily develops the habit within 2 weeks (based on normal dose of
1/6-1/4 grains of morphine 4 times daily for 2 weeks). Tolerance develops swiftly and when the
addict wants to repeat the intensity of the first euphoric experience he must
increase the dose. The addict feels
normal for only a short period whereupon withdrawal symptoms appear until
another dose is administered. The addict
begins to inject heroin not to feel good but to prevent feeling sick. Withdrawal is characterized by muscle
twitching of the feet and legs, about 12 hours after the last dose of heroin,
and this increases for several days (thus the term “kicking the habit”). Treatment by pharmacological methods in the
United States have centered around methadone maintenance programs. Methadone is synthetic addictive opiate
developed in Germany during World War II.
Methadone depresses respiration less acutely than morphine and heroin
and is equally powerful. It does not
produce as much euphoria or drowsiness and withdrawal symptoms are less severe
because they occur over a longer period.
In treatment programs methadone is given orally once a day, with the
daily dose of 10mg increased to 40-50 mg during the first stage. At this level craving for opiates
disappears. At still higher doses
(80-140 mg) methadone prevents withdrawal symptoms, stops the desire for opiates
and blocks the measurable effects of opiates.
The side effects of methadone resemble those of other opiates (weight
gain 80%, constipation 70%, delayed ejaculation 60%, increased use of alcohol,
increased frequency of urination 37%, numbness I extremities 32%, and hallucination
17%) and many relapse to heroin.
Elsewhere addicts are administered heroin, thereby eliminating the
criminal element. Lactuca quercina and L.
virosa (Asteraceae) are cultivated in France, and the extracted
lactucarium, reputed to be a mild sedative is used in cough mixtures to replace
opium. In Thailand leaves of Mitragyna speciosa (Rubiaceae) are
chewed and smoked as a substitute for opium, as are seeds of Pterygota alata (Sterculiaceae) in
Pakistan. A tincture of oats (Avena sativa) has been employed
successful for centuries by Ayurvedic Indian practitioners to cure the opium
habit (Sanders '13: Neurology 29-30).
(2) Tobacco is a highly addictive
drug; nicotine withdrawal is a recognized psychiatric disorder. Treatment
of nicotine withdrawal with Nicorrette gum or the benzodiazapine Wellbutrin has
been shown to help. The FDA failed to arrive at a new warning label for
tobacco products as directed by a Congress. The most serious
problem is that the public is not properly warned that "nicotine
withdrawal" is a severe mental illness in its own right and that this is
the entire problem faced by the healthy tobacco consumer who should be reminded
of this scientific fact on the warning label which makes other claims of
varying validity. Smoking and coronary artery disease are not correlated,
coronary artery disease is related by cardiotoxin to animal lipids, and treated
with fresh fabrics, a vegan diet and cardiovascular exercise. Low fertile
birth-weight may also be a myth. On the other hand, respiratory
infections are a clear indication that a smoker should not smoke and oral
cancer a clear indication to stop chewing tobacco, throat cancer to stop
drinking and smoking and lung cancer to stop smoking. The odds of getting
lung cancer are about seven times greater in smokers than nonsmokers but only
about one in ten smokers get lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer, called
mesothelioma to the confusion of statistics, is 50 times greater in smokers who
are exposed to asbestos, non-smokers are immune. To totally debunk the
use of the drug schedule for penal sentencing tobacco, the most American of all
drugs, that addicts often fail to even consider a drug, for want of
medico-legal reason, other than as a treatment for mental illness, whose
addiction is worse than its benefit, is a definitive schedule II drug with no
acceptable medical uses and extremely high potential for addiction. For every 1000
young men adopting a life time habit of smoking, on average, one will be murdered, six will die in road
traffic accidents and 250 will die of tobacco-related deaths including lung
cancer. In 1761 in London, John Hill –
doctor, botanist, playwright, and plymath – published a one-shilling pamphlet
cautioning against the immoderate use of tobacco snuff. He described several cases of fatal polyps of
the nose or nasal carcinoma in men who were heavy, long-term users of snuff,
and he proferred the following advice, "no man should venture upon
snuff,who is not sure that he is not so far liable to cancer: and no man can be
sure of that'. At the beginning of the
20th century, an American clinician, Dr. R. Abe, provided compelling
evidence that oral cancer was linked to tobacco exposure. The oral cavity is also the hot spot for
cancers associated with some of the more exotic smoking styles developed in
India and other parts of South East Asia.
It is estimated that over 200 million people currently chew betel quid
which is a mixture of betel leaf, areca nut, slaked lime, and usually,
tobacco. Lethal lesions of the oral
cavity are described in Indian medical texts from around 600 B.C. For pipe smokers, the lower lip appears to be
more at risk than the upper, and it may be that the damage elicited by heat
exacerbates the impact of tobacco carcinogens.
For the traditional high tar cigarette, and particularly with
inhalation, the major bronchial tracts incur the highest insult and consequent
cancer rate (squamous bronchial carcinoma).
In the first half of the twentieth century, lung cancer, formerly
considered to be a very rare disease, began to be increasingly diagnosed and
many doctors and scientists in both the USA and Europe, and particularly in
Nazi Germany voiced their suspicion that cigarette smoking might be the cause. But it took until 1950 for epidemiologists to
provide persuasive evidence for the strong association between tobacco smoking
and lung cancer risk.
Currently
between two and four million adults a year die of smoking-related
diseases. Some 40 percent of these have
lung cancers. Other causes of death
include cancers of the mouth, pharynx and larynx, and obstructive lung disease.
Cigarette smoking is also rumored to
increase the risk of cancers of the pancreas, kidney and bladder. Cancers of the lung bronchi (squamous cell
carcinomas) are decreasing but the previously rare adenocarcinomas of the lung
are increasing substantially amongst smokers, and especially in women. These tumours arise from the deeper branch ends
of the lung tree (the alveoli), and the most plausible explanation for their
increase is that smokers have adopted the habit of inhaling more deeply to
obtain their nicotine fix from milder cigarettes. The long latency of lung cancer due to
smoking may have helped disguise the lethal connection with lung cancer for the
first half of the twentieth-century, but as recently as 1994 Chief Executives
of seven major cigarette manufacturers could testify under oath before the USA
Government House Health and Environment
Committee, that they did not believe that nicotine was addictive or that
cigarette smoking caused lung cancer.
One third of the world's smokers are Chinese, tobacco is their largest
industrial source of tax revenue. It is
calculated tht one third of young Chinese men smoking now will die of a tobacco
related illness during the first half of the twenty-first century, providing an
accumulative death toll of around 100 million.
On a worldwide scale, the annual death rate will increase to 10 million
a year by 2030 and half of these individuals will be only 35 to 70 years of
age. Products of metabolized
benzo(a)pyrene and mitrosamines, one of the most potent carcinogens in tobacco
tar, have been shown to physically associate with selective regions of the p53
gene which is a hot spot for mutation in lung cancers. The twentieth-century lung cancer epidemic
was hugely facilitated by the invention of cigarette-making machines in the
1880s, and the wholesesale provision of free cigarettes to hundreds of
thousands of soldiers in two world wars.
The lung of a 'pack a day' smoker for 40 years will have been the
repository for 7 to 8 kilograms of tar.
Around one in ten of those who smoke 15 to 25 cigarettes a day will have
lung cancer by age 75 years. Heavy
smokers (more than 25 a day) suffer this fate at a higher rate. For every 20 lung cancer patients in the USA
or Europe who smoke, there will be, on average, one non-smoker with a similar
diagnosis. Only a minority of smokers
develop lung cancer. Madame Jeanne Calment
who died, not of cancer, at the age of 122 years, thanks her parents for
escaping the penalty of a lifelong habit of smoking. George Burns at 98 years of age still smoked
10 cigars a day. During the 1970s Xuan
Wei county in southern China had one of the highest rates of lung cancer in the
whole of China. What was odd was that
the mortality rate for women was as high as that of men, despite the fact that
less than 0.1 percent of women smoked cigarettes, compared with almost 50
percent of men. The explanation was
almost certainly the burning indoors of smoky coal, as opposed to smokeless
coal or wood.
The
lungs pull air in, transferring the oxygen to your blood, where it is pumped by
the heart to the rest of the body to provide oxygen and sending the blood back
to your lungs where the carbon dioxide is pushed out by your lungs. Lung tissue does not regenerate, so loss of
lung function is permanent. Other parts
of the body can be trained to compensate for this loss, as least to some
degree, but lungs cannot be restored to their original condition after
significant damage from emphysema, chronic bronchitis and severe asthma. In COPD, the loss of oxygen is gradual,
occurring over a period of years, unless there is a major illness. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
is a clinical syndrome of dyspnea on exertion with objective evidence of
reduced airflow not explained by specific or infiltrative lung or heart
disease. Productive cough is often
present. Reduced airflow is detected on
physical examination by diminution in the sounds of air movement, especially on
expiration, throughout both lungs. Reduced
airflow may be measured by the standard ventilation tests (MVV, FEV1,
REV1/FVC, and FEF25-75) or by measuring increased Raw
(in the body plethysmograph). Synonyms include chronic obstructive pulmonary
emphysema, chronic obstructive lung disease, chronic airways obstruction,
diffuse obstructive pulmonary syndrome, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and
others. Emphysema is defined
morphologically as a state of the lungs in which the air spaces distal to the
terminal bronchioles are abnormally increased in size and undergo destructive
changes in their walls. Chronic
bronchitis is characterized by excessive mucus secretion in the bronchial tree
with chronic or recurrent productive cough on most days for a minimum of 3
months a year for not less than 2 successive years. The diagnosis can be made only after
excluding the presence of specific diseases of the lungs or bronchi, such as
tuberculosis, abscess, tumor, bronchiectasis, and others that may cause
identical symptoms. COPD is almost
always a mixture of emphysema and chronic bronchitis, and occasionally has
elements of bronchiolitis and asthma.
In
normal lungs most of the normal resistance to airflow lies in airways more than
2 mm in diameter because the total cross-sectional diameter of the smaller ones
is much greater than those larger than 2 mm in diameter. Therefore, involvement of the small airways
must be extensive before MVV, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and FEF25-75
will be abnormal. In some patients COPD originates from repeated chest
infections in childhood. However, about
two-thirds of cases begin in individuals aged 30 to 50 with chronic productive
cough and repeated "colds" or deep chest infections. Approximately 15% of patients have a history
of episodic, non-effort-dependent, wheezing dyspnea (presumably bronchial
asthma) generally during childhood, before the onset of effort-dependent
dyspnea. Some 20% of patients insist
that dyspnea on exertion was their first symptom, but when closely questioned,
most reveal that chronic cough started at the same time or soon after. Another 5% of patients deny the presence of
chronic cough. Sudden episodes of
dyspnea and coughing are often labeled pneumonia but may be episodes of acute
bronchiolar inflammation, which may become chronic or result in irreversible
obliteration of many bronchioles or extensive microscopic thromboembolism. The course of COPD is commonly punctuated by
exacerbations, usually caused by infections or by the inhalation of noxious
fumes and by trauma, but sometime apparently unrelated to any identifiable
event. When an exacerbation was
complicated by right-side heart failure, the outlook was poor before the use of
continuous low-flow oxygen. The causes
of death in COPD, in order of frequency are respiratory failure, congestive
heart failure secondary to cor pulmonale,
pneumonia, sepsis, bronchitis, pulmonary thromboembolism perforation or
hemorrhage of a peptic ulcer, and spontaneous pneumothorax. The differential diagnosis of COPD should
include other causes of congestive heart failure, other causes of erythremia,
and the various specific causes of chronic cough and expectoration such as
tuberculosis, functional dyspepsia, bronchiectasis and fungal disease. Progressive weight loss is a poor prognostic
sign. Heavy eating is good for
respiratory health.
COPD
(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is primarily a smoker’s disease, which
clusters in families and worsens with age.
Doctors have learned about the underlying processes which damage the
airways and alveoli and have developed powerful therapeutic approaches, and can
improve the lives of patients diagnosed with COPD, even in advanced
stages. Oxygen studies have resulted in
improved survival and life quality.
Today most people with COPD live into their seventies or eighties, a
normal life span. The National Lung Health Education Program (NLHEP) aims to
identify patients in incipient stages of disease, who are mostly smokers
beginning to lose airflow. A simple
device, known as a spirometer, measures both airflow and volume. This device should be present in all primary
care physicians’ offices. Early
identification can lead to smoking cessation, which is the most important
therapeutic intervention. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and
chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) are terms that the medical profession
uses to describe chronic bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis, and emphysema. They share a common trait: persistent
difficulty in getting the air to flow out of the lung normally. Eighty-two percent of those who die of COPD
are smokers, and smokers are ten times more likely than non-smokers to die of
the illness. Although many of the lung
changes of COPD are permanent, improvement in symptoms and signs of disease
often begins by stopping smoking. Industrial pollutants may also be a factor in
some cases of emphysema. Prolonged
exposure to cadmium or certain airborne fibers favors the later development of
lung disease. Emphysema can also be caused
by an inherited problem which affects how your body reacts to lung damage. Those who inherit a low level of a chemical
called alpha-1 antitrypsin the lungs are easily damaged. Emphysema can develop over the years and the
lungs overreact to cigarette smoke and to infections. The prominent features of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease are cough, unusual amounts of sputum, and shortness of
breath, with constant fatigue. Next to
coronary heart disease, COPD accounts for more severe disability and untimely
deaths than any other health-related problem in the United States. According to the American Lung Association,
15.4 million Americans are affected with COPD.
People who smoke and develop COPD are more likely to develop cancer than
those who smoke and do not develop COPD (Sanders '13: Pulmonology 119-121).
Lung
cancer is the most common fatal neoplasm in the United States in both women and
men. It has replaced tuberculosis as the
major pulmonary cause of death.
Approximately 150,000 new cases will be diagnosed in 1988. Over the past 40 years, long-term survival
after the diagnosis of lung cancer has shown little or no improvement. The overall 5-year survival rate is
approximately 10% to 15%. Chemotherapy
for small cell lung cancer has advanced significantly, resulting in
prolongation of life but few long-term survivors. Operative mortality has decreased from 10% to
3%. The incidence of discovery of
unresectable tumor at the time of thoracotomy has decreased from 25% to 5% Because of the disappointing results of
surgical therapy for lung cancer treatment lies in prevention, through smoking
cessation. One of 13 cigarette smokers
develops bronchogenic carcinoma; smoking cessation resuts in a gradual
normalization of risk over a period of 10 to 20 years. The shocking rise in incidence of lung cancer
in the twentieth century has suggested that environmental or behavioral factors
are responsible. Tobacco smoke,
particularly from cigarettes, is the major factor for this precipitous
disease. Cigarette smokers have at least
a 10 times greater risk of developing lung cancer than do nonsmokers. Smokers with chronic obstructive lung disease
are more likely to develop lung cancer than those without obstructive lung
disease. Maintaining close contact with
an active cigarette smoker, may be responsible for upt to 5% of al lung
cancer. Asbestos exposure is a potent
risk factor for bronchogenic carcinoma, as well as mesothelioma. Asbestos exposure and cigarette smoking act
synergistically; an asbestos worker who smokes has a 50-100-fold increased
chance of developing lung cancer.
Whether asbestos exposure alone can be regarded as a cause of lung
cancer has not been determined. Exposure
to radon daughters, which emit radioactive gas, may act synergistically with
cigarette smoke to yield a risk 50 to 100 times greater than that of the normal
population. Exposure to radon occurs
near uranium mining operations in the western United States and also when homes
are built on or near hard rock formations.
A variety of other environmental and occupational factors that increase
lung cancer risk have been identified.
These include exposure to arsenic, nickel, chromium, chloromethyl
ethers, hydrocarbons, and mustard gas.
Disease that causes lung scarring, such as pulmonary tuberculosis or
interstitial fibrosis, may predispose to "scar carcinomas" usually
peripheral adenocarconomas of bronchioloalveolar cell carcinomas.
The
incidence of lung cancer began to increase sharply in men about 1940 and in
women about 1960. Cigarette smoking became
a widespread habit for men around 1920, but it took twenty years for this
behavior to be reflected in the incidence of lung cancer. Similarly, cigarette smoking among women only
became really popular and acceptable during World War II. The more one smokes and the longer one
smokes, the greater is the chance that at some point a single cell (or one of
it's descendants) in one's lungs is going to accumulate enough defects in their
genes to cause uncontrolled cellular growth.
Twenty-two percent of the U.S. population smoked in 2003, down from 24
percent in 1998. Deaths form
mesothelioma, linked to asbestos exposure of workers in engineering and
building industries in the 1960s and 1970s, are still increasing and are not
expected to peak until the ear 2020.
Uncontrolled use of asbestos remains common outside of Europe and the
USA. Countries in South East Asia have
been the major importers of asbestos (Greaves '00: 262). Second-hand smoke can increase the frequency
of asthma and bronchitis. In May 2003 in
the British Medical Journal a study titled Environmental Tobacco Smoke and
Tobacco-Related Mortality in Prospective Study of Californians 1960-98. 35,561 individuals who were never smokers,
but has a smoking spouse were studied.
The main finding was exposure to environmental tobacco smoke was not
significantly associated with the death rate from coronary heart disease, lung
cancer or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in men or women. Cigarette causes many problems for smokers
and some problems for non-smokers, especially children and those with asthma or
bronchitis, but, it has not been shown persuasively to cause either lung cancer
or heart attacks. It is claimed that passive smoking increases the risk of
coronary heart disease and heart attacks by 25 percent, lung cancer by 17 to 22
percent, causing 3,000 lung cancer cases a year out of a total of about 170,000
cases each year. The patient with bronchogenic carcinoma is generally past age
35. Only 3% of cases are diagnosed patients before 35 years of age. Cough is the commonest symptom. Either the onset or a change in the nature
of a chronic cough is the most common symptom.
Hemoptysis is a particularly suggestive sign and shuld neer be ignored,
particularly in patients over 35 with a history of smoking. Vague nonpleuretic chest pain added to a
worsening cough and hemoptysis is a common triad seen in these diseases. Dyspnea may occur, secondary either to an obstruction
of an airway or to lympangitic spread of the tumor. Recurrent pneumonia may be the first evidence
of the presence of endobronchial obstructive lesion. All pneumonias should be subjected to radiographs
at intervals of 6 weeks to 2 months to document complete clearing. If an infiltrate persists, increases in size,
does not fully resolve on serial radiographs or recurs in the same location,
further diagnostic steps should be taken.
Persistent infiltrate with evidence of volume loss is particularly
worrisome. Weight loss and anorexia may
be initial symptoms and most often signify extensive disease on diagnosis. Chest
irradiation has no impact on survival in patients with extensive stage
disease. Therefore, combination
chemotherapy alone is customarily administered, although with results inferior
to those obtained in limited disease. Overall
response rates of 65% to 85%, complete response rates of 15% to 30%, median
survival of 7 to 11 months, 2 year survival of 0% to 5% and only anecdotal 5
year survival can be anticipated when effective combination chemotherapy
programs are employed in disseminated SCLC.
Blogging-survivors ask for more prompt chemotherapy, preferably low
methotrexate 2.5 mg, with pneumococcal vaccination, antibiotic and antifungal
prophylaxis for the suspected invasive pulmonary aspergillosis from the
academic laboratory sales of Aspergillis
niger (Sanders '13: Oncology 150-151).
In
2009 the Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009
(CHIPRA, Public Law 111–3) Title VII
Revenue Provisions Section 701 Increase in Excise Tax Rate on Tobacco Products,
imposed a 2,653 percent tax increase on small cigars and 2,159 percent tax
increase on roll-your-own tobacco; while subjecting small cigarettes, large cigarettes,
chewing tobacco, snuff, pipe tobacco, cigarette papers and cigarette tubes were
subjected to a more reasonable 158 percent increase and large cigars a 155
percent increase and no floor tax. This
tax increase was used to conceal the material fact that the Attorney Generals’
Master Tobacco Settlement Consumers nearly perfectly satisfies Children’s
Health Insurance and the settlement continues to needs to be 100% appropriated
by S-CHIP to both reduce pathological and gun violence and reduce medical
overspending on children who are already fully vaccinated and insured until age
18 if their families do not have adequate income and/or health insurance
coverage. Small cigars and roll-your-own
are due the equal protection of the clause 26USC(F)(65)(B)§6423(c) to be
reimbursed to the full extent of their loss; calculated
by dividing the excessive tax hike on small cigars and hand-rolling tobacco by
the 158 percent, multiplying by the years the excessive rate was in effect and
rounding to the nearest whole integer, for small cigars under 27CFR(I)(40)(C)§40.21 and
for roll-your own under 27CFR(I)(40)(C)§40.25a for those vendors demonstrating
that they have returned to within a 3 percent annual increase of small cigar
and rolling tobacco prices in 2008, before Rolling
Back the Tobacco Tax of 2009 Act HA-10-10-10. A September study of a 2010 Gallup Poll found
smoking is related to sex, educational levels and race. 24 percent
of men smoke, compared with 18 percent of women. Nearly half of
those with a GED and a quarter of those with no high school diploma smoke, compared
with only 6 percent of those with a college graduate degree. About 31 percent
of those who smoke live below the poverty level, the national average rose as
high as 16 percent during the recession. Nearly 30 percent of multiracial
adults and 23 percent of American Indian and Alaska Natives smoke (Maugh ’10). 18
percent of the world’s 6.8 billion population – 1.2 billion smokes. For
many years, numerous researchers viewed cigarette smoking and other addictive
behaviors as exceptions to this most basic law of economics because of the
seeming irrationality of these behaviors. A now substantial and rapidly
expanding literature, however, clearly indicates that the demands for tobacco
products do respond to changes in prices and other factors. The
Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids claims every 10 percent increase in the price of
cigarettes reduces youth smoking by about seven percent and overall cigarette
consumption by about four percent. The
repressiveness of this CHIPRA tax is more likely to drive more smokers to
abandon the child-proof method of hand rolled cigarettes and as a result may
not be so successful at reducing teen smoking, as other kinder and gentler
taxes in the past. Current
reports indicate smoking rates may have even risen slightly in response to the
stress of the tax increase and recession. In 1970
the Average cost per pack was $0.38 the Average tax per pack was $0.18, the
taxes and segregations of the 1980s and 90s drove many to smoke cheaper rolling
tobacco that cost a $1 a day or $3 for 3 days of chemical free tobacco. The prohibition of the high school student smoking
lounge in the 1980s led to a surge in tobacco smoking addicts in the early
1990s, that has subsequently subsided. In
2009 after the tax the average cost per pack, of both pre-rolled and
roll-your-own, had reached $5.33 and the average tax per pack was $2.19. In 2008
roll-your-own cost between $1 and $2 a day. After CHIPRA roll-your own tobacco
cost $5 a day and temporarily, ostensibly due to unemployment, smoking rates
were up. The federal government
would greatly stimulate the economy and probably reduce smoking rates if they
targeted, temporary tax relief to refund the low spending smokers of rolling
tobacco and small cigars for the excessive federal excise tax of 2009 under
26USC(F)(65)(B)§6423(c).
(3) Alcohol is a reason for about
30% of hospital admissions and a lot of domestic violence. Alcoholic
liver disease is a clear signal for the well behaved drinker to quit although
it is difficult to do so. People with behavioral problems from alcohol
usually, but not always, quit drinking before they get addicted.
Withdrawing alcoholics have a 15% chance of dying from delirium tremons,
manifesting as severe anxiety, unless aggressively treated with benzodiazipines
such as ativan or liver friendly oxalazapam. Like alcohol, benzodiazapine
withdrawal can also be lethal and requires a gradual reduction of dosage if
taken so long that addiction occurs. Alcohol potentiates
barbiturates, the two depressant are synergistic and the practice of using both
undoubtedly accounts for the unusually high number of accidental
self-poisonings and death from respiratory depression. Each year, at least 10
million Americans consult physicians about their sleep, and about half of them
receive prescriptions for sleeping pills. A hypnotic is a drug that
produces sleep, a sedative is one used to relieve tension and anxiety.
The most commonly used hypnotics and sedatives are the barbiturates, they
depress brain function, and in large doses the rhythm of respiration.
High doses of barbiturates are essential for veterinary euthanasia and lethal
injections used in executions. Traditionally the fatality rate is higher for
barbiturates than any other type of addiction (more than 3000 barbiturate
suicides per year, or 20% of all suicides in the United States, and more than
1500 deaths from accidental poisonings). Chamomile (Chamaemelum
nobile, Matricaria recutita) and related species are useful for
going into a deep, restful sleep, but some people are allergic to
chamomile. The President has said alcohol is worse than marijuana, but it
is even more widely consumed, sometimes for health reasons and "to
health" is a common toast. The potentially lethal delirium tremons
from alcohol withdrawal however put alcohol in Schedule II because of its high
potential for abuse.
Alcoholic
liver disease is the most prevalent form of liver disease in most Western
countries. In the U.S. more than 10
million Americans are alcoholics, alcohol causes more than 200,000 deaths
annually, the fifth leading cause of death and 25 to 30% of hospitalized
patients have problems related to alcohol abuse. Chronic alcohol consumption causes three
distinct, albeit overlapping, forms of alcoholic liver disease (1) hepatic
steatosis (fatty liver); (2) alcoholic hepatitis and (3) cirrhosis. Following even moderate intake of alcohol,
small lipid droplets accumulate in hepatocytes.
Short-term ingestion of up to 80 gm of ethanol per day (8 beers or 7
ounces of 80 proof liquor) generally produces mild, reversible hepatic changes,
such as fatty liver. Daily ingestion of
160 gm or more of ethanol for 10 to 20 years is associated more consistently
with severe injury; chronic intake of 80 to 160 gm/day is considered a
borderline risk for severe injury. Only
10 to 15% of alcoholics however develop cirrhosis. Women tend to be more susceptible. Alcoholic hepatitis tends to appear
relatively acutely, usually following a bout of heavy drinking. Each bout of hepatitis incurs about a 10 to
20% risk of death. Cirrhosis is likely
to appear in about one-third of patients within a few years if there are
repeated bouts. In about 10% of
patients, the alcoholic cirrhosis is discovered only at autopsy. In the end-stage alcoholic, the immediate
causes of death are (1) hepatic coma (2) a massive gastrointestinal variceal
hemorrhage (3) an intercurrent infection or (4) hepatorenal syndrome following
a bout of alcoholic hepatitis. In about
3 to 6% of cases, death is related to the development of hepatocellular
carcinoma (Crawford ’94: 857- 861).
Alcohol withdrawal must be promptly diagnosed as being an acute cause of
anxiety to the patient, because untreated delirium tremens has a mortality of
15%. Commonly detoxification is
accomplished with chlordiazeposide at a starting dose of 50 mg oraly every 6
hours with extra doses of 25 mg as needed to control symptoms. After an effective total daily dose has been
reached, a taper of 10% total dose per day can be instituted. If parenteral administration is required, an
equivalent dose of lorazepam can be used.
In cases of hepatic dysfunction oxazepam is the drug of choice. All suspected alcohol abusers should receive
thiamine, 100 mg intramuscularly for 7 days (to help prevent Wernicki-Korsakoff
encephalopathy) as well as folate, 1 mg daly, and multivitamins (Massie &
Sinsheimer '90: 539). Metronidazole
interats badly with alcohol, but is otherwise the most effective antibiotic for
the liver. Treatment of alcoholic liver
disease should involve quitting drinking to effect a cure with medicines such
as metronidazole.
When
massive hepatocullar necrosis occurs and leaves the connective tissue framework
intact, almost perfect restitution can occur.
Fibrous tissue is formed in response to inflammation or direct toxic
insult to the liver. With continuing
fibrosis, the liver is subdivided into nodules of regenerating hepatocytes
surrounded by scar tissue, termed cirrhosis.
Cirrhosis is among the top ten causes of death in the Western world,
largely the result of alcohol abuse, chronic hepatitis, biliary disease and
iron overload. This end-stage liver
disease is defined by three characteristics (1) Fibrosis is present in the form
of delicate bands or broad scars replacing multiple adjacent lobules; (2) the
parenchymal architecture of the entire liver is disrupted by interconnecting
fibrous scars and (3) parenchymal nodules are created by regeneration of
hepatocytes. The nodules may vary from
micronodule (less than 3mm in diameter) to macronodule (3 mm to several
centimeters in diameter. The parenchymal
injury and consequent fibrosis are diffuse, extending throughout the liver;
focal injury with scarring does not constitute cirrhosis. Progressive fibrosis
is the central feature of cirrhosis. The
etiology of cirrhosis varies both geographically and socially in the Western
world the most common causes of cirrhosis
are alcoholic liver disease (60-70%), viral hepatitis (10%), biliary
diseases (5-10%), primary hemochromatosis (5%), Wilson’s disease (rare), Alpha1antitrypsin
(AAT) deficiency (rare) and cryptogenic cirrhosis (10-15%). Infrequent types of cirrhosis include (1) the
cirrhosis developing in infants and children with galactosemia and tyrosinosis;
(2) the desmosplastic reaction incited by a diffusely infiltrative cancer of
the liver (carcinomatous cirrhosis); (3) drug-induced cirrhosis, as with
alpha-methyldopa; and (4) syphilis.
The ultimate mechanism of most cirrhotic deaths is (1) progressive liver
failure, (2) a complication related to the portal hypertension or (3)
development of hepatocellular carcinoma (Sanders '13: Gastroenterology 86-100).
(4) There have been numerous
official reports and studies, every one of which has concluded that marijuana
poses no great risk to society and should not be criminalized. Most
experts agree that occasional or moderate use of marijuana is innocuous, they
also agree that excessive use can be harmful. Research shows that the two
major risks of excessive marijuana use are: respiratory disease due to
smoking and accidental injuries due to impairment. Marijuana produces a
moderate, dose-related decrement in road tracking ability, but is "not
profoundly impairing" and "in no way unusual compared to many
medicinal drugs." Marijuana's effects at the higher doses preferred by
smokers never exceed those of alcohol at blood concentrations of .08%, the
minimum level for legal intoxication in stricter states such as California. The
study found that unlike alcohol, which encourages risky driving, marijuana
appears to produce greater caution. Marijuana has no known
fatalities and is reported as successful in relieving symptoms of addiction,
anxiety, tension, stress and depression, attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD), HIV/AIDS, post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD), insomnia,
migraine, movement disorders, multiple sclerosis, digestive problems, inflammation,
nausea and vomiting, cancer treatment side-effects, non-severe pain, spasms and
convulsions, psoriasis and arthritis. Because marijuana is being compared
to alcohol and tobacco it must be listed as a Schedule III drug due to its
acceptable medical uses and psychological addictive quality.Δ’-3,4-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol
(Δ’-THC) responsible for the psychoactivity of marihuana Cannabis sativa (Cannavaceae) is unique because it is nonnitrogenous. Although other tetrahydrocannabinols are
present and may help induce a euphoric state.
The fresh plant contains almost exclusively cannabidiolic acids, the
precursor of the active THCs, which are transformed during the drying and
storage of the material, during extraction.
Transformation may also occur during smoking, indeed, the effective dose
on smoking 200-250µg/kg, on ingestion it is 300-480µg/kg. Early use and domestication of Cannabis sativa is lost in the antiquity
of Asia. It was valued as long ago as
6000 BC in China, the Assyrians used it as incense, and in India and Africa the
drug played major roles in religion and magic, as an aphrodisiac, and in
activities requiring endurance or physical effort. An early mention of its intoxicating resin
dates from 600 BC when Herodotus wrote that the Scythians burned its seeds to
produce a narcotic smoke. Galen recorded
the use of hemp in cakes which if eaten in sufficient quantity would induce
intoxication. Its most universal value
is as an euphoric narcotic: the user finds himself in a dreamy state of altered
consciousness, often with a feeling of well-being, exaltation and inner
joy. But this extremely good feeling may
alternate with states of depression where panic and fear of death are
experienced. Commonly ideas are
disrupted, uncontrollable and sometimes plentiful. Vivid hallucinations may be experienced, they
sometimes are pleasant and have sexual overtones. Marihuana has been used to treat glaucoma and
it shows antibiotic activity against Gram + bacteria. Δ’-THC is highly fat soluble and binds
to plasma and cellular proteins, its metabolites accumulate in the brain and
other tissues, and it affects the central nervous system by altering the
turnover rate of the major neurotransmitters norepinephrine, serotonin, and
acetylcholine. Cannabis intoxication
prevails almost throughout the world. It
is the opium of the poor.
Marijuana has beneficial uses for many medical conditions. Marijuana
improves appetite, reduces nausea and vomiting, which often accompanies chemotherapy. Marijuana is an effective pain reliever,
especially in cases of neuropathic “burning and shooting” types of pain. The anti-inflammatory properties of the
active ingredients of the marijuana plant have also proven useful in treating
many medical conditions including arthritis and glaucoma. One of the most important factors in choosing
marijuana is a medicine is its safety.
There are no known fatalities from marijuana and an overdose usually
leads to a desire to lay down and go to sleep.
Animal studies have shown that a lethal dose of cannabinoids would be
around 40,000 times the typical human dose, around 40 to 80 pounds of buds or
their extracts all at once. Adverse
effects are described as feeling overwhelmed, panicked, paranoid or experiencing
an increased heart rate. Some strains,
especially those with extremely high THC content, are more likely to affect new
patients in these ways. Strains with
high CBD content modulate the effects of THC, so they are less likely to have
these adverse affects. Unhygienic
practices, such as the use of chemical pesticides, leave harsh residues on the
plant that are dangerous to ingest or inhale.
Molds and fungus also pose a risk to some patients. So it is best to know where you medicine is
coming from. Marijuana is a flowering plant with many different varieties
sharing many chemical characteristics.
However the varieties have different effects that provide targeted
benefits for a wide range of medical conditions. Marijuana is a hardy plant with five-fingered
leaf. These leaves grow along strong
branches that extend laterally form the main stem. The flowers develop along the ends of the
branches, forming thick clusters that are usually thin and long or bulky. They produce a sticky crystalline resin and
have a strong, sweet-to-pungent aroma.
Some varieties grow tall and lanky, while others grow short and
bushy. Each variety has its own growth
rate, appearance and medical usefulness. Marijuana is different from other
annual plants because it is “dioecious” meaning male and female flowers grow on
separate plants. When the female plants
are not pollinated the flowers remain seedless. These seedless buds are known
as “sinsemilla”, Spanish for “without seed” and are distributed as medicine.
Cannabinoids are pharmacologically active compounds. When you use marijuana the cannabinoids find
their way to their target, your body’s cannabinoid receptors. The cannabinoids bind to one of the
receptors. This might make you feel
euphoric and relieves the symptoms of your medical conditions. The major active
chemical compounds found in marijuana are: (1) Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol
(Δ-9-THC) or THC for short, is the most psychoactive cannabinoid found in
marijuana. THCA (tetrahydrocannabinolic
acid) is highly concentrated in the flowering clusters or buds. It converts to the more active form, THC, as
it dries. Cannabidol (CBD) is the second most predominant cannabinoid in
marijuana. This compound continues to
provoke interest for its therapeutic value.
It has little or no psychoactive properties. Researchers and patients have begun to focus
on the beneficial effects of using THC and CBD together, as well as CBD’s
individual effect on diseases and afflictions.
CBD reduces anxiety and panic in some panic in some patients. CBD is anti-inflammatory, sedative, and a
neuroprotective agent. Medical demand is
high for CBD-rich strains so marijuana breeders have begun producing high CBD
level plants. Cannabigerolic acid is a
chemical precursor to THC and CBD.
Cannabinnol (CBN) is the third most prevalent chemical compound in
marijuana, cannabinol is the incidental product of the chemical breakdown of
THC. You may find higher levels of CBN
in improperly stored marijuana resulting in weakened, diminished medical
effect. Terpenoids are plant-produced
odor molecules resulting in marijuana’s distinct aroma. They affect the quality of the experience by
altering THC’s effects. They determine
whether the effect is relaxing energizing or bubbly. The terpenoids alter these effects of the
cannabinoids pharmacologically.
Marijuana also has over 20 known flavonoids, a large class of water
soluble plant pigments that contribute to plant color. Marijuana has unique flavonoids – dubbed
cannaflavins – that have both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Flavonoids may immobilize viruses and
allergens. In California and Colorado,
patients using medical marijuana have the added security of laboratory-tested
marijuana. Not only does the testing lab
certify a hygienic product, but it also measures the levels of THC, CBD, and
CBN in the medicine, which provides patients with more information. In places with a legal market, lab testing
has become industry standard, pushing growers to produce clean and healthful
medicine.
The effects of marijuana are produced by a cannabinoid
receptor system in the body consisting of at least two receptor types: CB1 and
CB2. CB1 receptors are found exclusively
in the brain. They are concentrated in
the hippocampus and cerebral cortex which controls memory and cognition. CB1 receptors interact with marijuana’s
active compounds to produce its psychoactive effects including the euphoric,
blissful state that often makes pain more manageable. CB2 receptors are termed “peripheral
receptors” because they are found outside the brain, primarily in the immune system
and organs, especially the spleen and in white blood cells. They may be responsible for cannabinoids’
other effects, including the reduction of inflammation. Some studies indicate beneficial effects
from marijuana on neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s
and Huntington’s diseases. Endocannabinoids
are substances produced naturally by your body that activate the CB1 and CB2
receptors to regulate body processes and provide relief from stress and
discomfort. The principal endocannabinoid
is arachidonylethanolamide, or anandamide (AEA). This naturally occurring lipid is a
neurotranmitter found it the brains of all animals on the planet except
insects. The endocannabinoid system has
multiple functions including regulating immunity, inflammation, neurotoxicity,
blood pressure, appetite, gastrointestinal function, glaucoma, epilepsy,
depression and stress. Marijuana has
been reported as successful in relieving symptoms of addiction, anxiety, tension,
stress and depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), HIV/AIDS, post-traumatic stress syndrome
(PTSS), insomnia, migraine, movement disorders, multiple sclerosis, digestive
problems, inflammation, nausea and vomiting, cancer treatment side-effects,
pain, spasms and convulsions, psoriasis and arthritis (Sanders '13: Neurology
31-33). The superiority of legal
marijuana to either medical marijuana or prohibition on human health is made obvious
in the Super Bowl XLVIII.
4. A Congressional
Holiday against Torture with Pay
Since the 111th Congress
the United States is no longer protected with penalties for torture under 18USC(113C)§2340A that has
been doctored to state,
"(a) Whoever
“outside the United States” commits or attempts to commit torture shall be
fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both, and if
death results to any person from conduct prohibited by this subsection, shall
be punished by death or imprisoned for any term of years or for life. (b)
Jurisdiction.— There is jurisdiction over the activity prohibited in
subsection (a) if—(1) the alleged offender is a national of the
United States; or (2) the alleged offender is present in the United
States, irrespective of the nationality of the victim or alleged offender. (c)
A person who conspires to commit an offense under this section shall be subject
to the same penalties (other than the penalty of death) as the penalties
prescribed for the offense, the commission of which was the object of the
conspiracy." It is necessary to reinstate criminal penalties as required
under Arts. 2 & 4 of the CAT that states, Art 2 Each State Party shall
take effective legislative, administrative, judicial or other measures to
prevent acts of torture in any territory under its jurisdiction. No exceptional
circumstances whatsoever, whether a state of war or a threat of war, internal
political in stability or any other public emergency, may be invoked as a justification
of torture. An order from a superior officer or a public authority may not be
invoked as a justification of torture.
Art. 4 Each State Party shall ensure that all acts of torture are
offences under its criminal law. The same shall apply to an attempt to commit
torture and to an act by any person which constitutes complicity or
participation in torture. Each State Party shall make these offences punishable
by appropriate penalties which take into account their grave nature. The
phrase “outside the United States” must be repealed from 18USC(113C)§2340A(a), to ensure
that all acts of torture are offences under its criminal law.
A Congressional Holiday against
Torture with Pay
To
correct federal torture statute so as to comply with Arts. 2, 4 and 14 of the
Convention against Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment of 1984.
To
Amend Title 22 Foreign Relations and Intercourse (a-FRAI-d) to Title 22 Foreign
Relations (FR-EE).
To
abolish the Court of International Trade of the United States (COITUS) and
create Customs Court (CC).
To
abolish U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service (USCIS) and create U.S.
Customs and Naturalization Service (USNS).
To
abolish the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and create U.S. Customs.
Be
the federal police finance and Office Intellectual Property Enforcement
Coordinator, Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and Alcohol, Tobacco and
Firearms (ATF) abolished and employees transferred to the Department of
Commerce, Department of Justice and to a new Drug Evaluation Agency (DEA) and
Center for Alcohol, Tobacco and Marijuana (ATM) in the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) under 5USCIIIB(35)I§3503.
When
Congress has agreed to correct these errors they are welcome to return to work
for President Barack Obama this FY2014 re-dedicated to the repeal of the Jim
Crow laws codified in Sections 2-5 of Amendment XIV of 1868 protecting tribal
tax exemptions under Section 1.