Hospitals & Asylums
Health and Welfare
(HAW)
To
amend Chapter 3 National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, to authorize
a 5.2% COLA December 2011 and fixed 3% COLA thereafter, to pay for SSI with OASI
FY2012, to finance a halfway house system with up to 7.7% of SSI, to legislate DI
tax rate to 3.2% and OASI to 9.2% without increasing the 12.4% OASDI tax in the
113th Congress, to pass an acceptable Balanced Budget Amendment in
the 112th Congress, to appoint a new Commissioner of Social
Security, to limit the term of Commissioner to two years, to replace
Administrative Law Judges (ALJ) and representative with licensed social workers
and non-lawyer representatives, to authorize SSA to adjudicate legal and medical
malpractice liability, to conduct a survey of SSA beneficiaries by race, to
change the name of the Centers for Medicare, Medicaid and SCHIP (CMS) to National
Health Insurance (NHI) and transfer NHI to SSA, to limit medical cost increases
to less than 3%, to allow patients to refuse to pay for unnecessary, harmful
and fraudulent medical treatment, to nationalize health insurance assets, to
ratify ILO Conventions 132, 156 and 183, to afford a 1% FICA tax for
international development, and to eliminate the income cap on Social Security
contributions to guarantee all Americans an income of $1,000 a month.
Be the 112th Congress and Democratic and
Republican (DR) dictator party Dissolved, Referred to the SSA Office of Chief
Actuary
Original draft County Poor Relief
2003, 1st15 September 2004, 2nd 1 June 2005, 3rd
18 June 2006, 4th 17 June 2007. 5th 12 June 2009, 6th
31 July 2010, 7th 17 August 2011
1.The practical spirit of Title 24 US Code Chapter 3 National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, Subchapter V Battle Mountain Sanitarium Reserve, §151-154 to settle claims to land under §153 and to issue a $1,000 fine to redress the unlawful intrusion of reserves or violation of rules and regulations under §154 is readily applied to the settlement of claims. After a record 5.8% COLA in 2008 Supplemental
Security Income (SSI) beneficiaries have been receiving the extremely cruel rate of $674 ($666) a month and the usual annual Cost-of-Living-Adjustment has not come for three years 2009-2011. SSIadministrative costs have fraudulently soared to 7.7% of program costs. Badly abused SSI residency reporting requirements are abolished for people making less than $1,000 a month. SSI is fined up to
7.7% to finance a halfway house system. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) reports there was 1.6% inflation in 2010 and 3.2% in 2011 wherefore beneficiaries must be given another 5.2% increase that will bring SSI into the clear with $709 a month. To relieve the General Fund the SSI program will be financed by the Old, Age, Survivor Insurance (OASI) Fund in FY 2012 and in FY 2013 from the DI fund after
the 113th Congress has legislated a DI tax rate of 3.2% and OASI rate of 9.2% without increasing the overall 12.4% OASDI tax until after FY 2020 when costs are predicted to exceed revenues. To amend
the OASI tax rate for employees to 4.6% under 26USC(C)(21)(A)§3101(a) and 4.6% for employers 26USC(C)(21)(A)§3111(a) and DI tax rate to 3.2%, 1.6% for employees and 1.6% for employers
under 42USC(7)II§401 (b)(1)(S) (Title II §201 SSA) without increasing the overall 12.4% OASDI tax-rate in 26USC(A)(2)§1401. The 112th Congress was dissolved by the unwise 2% OASI tax relief passed
in December 2010 on the condition that the General Fund would reimburse OASDI, $90 billion. HA and the Actuary have independently found that the Commissioner must be impeached. In the 2011
Report the Actuary was in error to require the incompetent Congress to do the calculus he was incapable of doing. HA has done the math and the law and the Actuary must take responsibility for the microeconomic imperative of paying HA $1,000 a month and 5.2% COLA for the macroeconomic ease of paying SSI with OASDI for a less than 3% of GDP deficit FY 2012 as dissolved HA-1-7-11
OASI + DI +SSI Tax Rate = 12.4% OASDI Tax Rate
(billion) FY2012
|
OASDI
Tax |
Payroll Revenues |
Total
Revenues |
Total
Costs |
Change
in Fund |
Fund |
|
2011
12.4% |
654.8 |
807.7 |
738.4 |
69.3 |
2,678.2 |
|
OASI 10.6% |
572.8 |
700.7 |
605.6 |
95 |
2,524.1 |
|
DI 1.8% |
82.0 |
107.0 |
132.8 |
-25.8 |
154.1 |
|
2012 12.4% |
720.7 |
866.8 |
822.7 |
44.1 |
2,722.3 |
|
OASI 9.2% |
534.7 |
671.4 |
633.0 |
38.4 |
2,562.5 |
|
DI+SSI 3.2% |
186.0 |
195.4 |
189.7 |
5.7 |
159.8 |
2. The Economic Security Act (ESA), first enacted August
14, 1935 is compiled as the Social Security Act in 21 Titles, §1-§2110
and codified at Title 42 of the United States Code Chapter 7 Subchapters I-XXI §301-§1397jj. Its original purpose was “to provide for the
general welfare by establishing a system of Federal old-age benefits, and by
enabling the several States to make more adequate provision for aged persons,
blind persons, dependent and crippled children, maternal and child welfare,
public health, and the administration of their unemployment compensation laws;
to establish a Social Security Board; to raise revenue; and for other
purposes”. The Act underwent two major
revisions to establish disability insurance in 1956 and medical insurance in
1965. Although there are some
discrepancies, the Act and Code are for all intents and purposes identical. For neutral citation one must cite both Act
and Code. The
lesson of the current Commissioner is that the lawyers, have risen to their
highest level of incompetence, and to protect the economy from more devastation
and improve professionalism all Administrative Law Judges (ALJs) must be replaced
with licensed social workers and the Social Security Act must be amended at 42USC(7)
II§406 (Title II §206
SSA) for social worker and non-social worker representatives. The Social Security Administration Office of Disability
Adjudication and Review Hearings, Appeals and Litigation Law Manual (HALLEX) needs to be edited to portray the role of the social
worker. ALJs need to be replaced with
licensed social workers government-wide.
The term of the Commissioner needs to be amended from the 6 year term
written in 2001 to precedential 2 year term under 42USC(7)VII§902(a)(3)
(Title VII §702).
Commissioners of Social Security 1946-present
|
Arthur J. Altmeyer
July 16, 1946-April 10, 1953 |
John A. Svahn May
6, 1981 to September 12, 1983 |
|
William L. Mitchell (Acting) April 11, 1953
to November 23, 1953 |
Martha A. McSteen
(Acting) September 14, 1983 to June 25, 1986 |
|
John W. Tramburg
November 24, 1953 to July 31, 1954 |
Dorcas
R. Hardy June 26, 1986 to July 31, 1989 |
|
Charles I. Schottland
August 23, 1954 to December 31, 1958 |
Gwendolyn S. King August 1, 1989 to
September 30, 1992 |
|
William L. Mitchell February 4, 1959 to
April 3, 1962 |
Louis D. Enoff
(Acting) October 1, 1992 to July 18, 1993 |
|
Robert M. Ball April 17, 1962 to March 17,
1973 |
Lawrence H. Thompson (Acting) July 19, 1993
to October 7, 1993 |
|
Arthur E. Hess (Acting) March 18, 1973 to
October 24, 1973 |
Shirley S. Chater
October 8, 1993 to February 28, 1997 |
|
James B. Cardwell October 25, 1973 to
December 12, 1977 |
John J. Callahan (Acting) March 1, 1997 to
September 28, 1997 |
|
Don I. Wortman (Acting)
December 13, 1977 to October 4, 1978 |
Kenneth S. Apfel
September 29, 1997 to January 20, 2001 |
|
Stanford G. Ross October 5, 1978 to December
31, 1979 |
William Halter (Acting) January 21, 2001 to
March 28, 2001 |
|
Herbert R. Doggette
(Acting) January 1, 1980 to January 2, 1980 |
Larry G. Massanari
(Acting) March 29, 2001 to November 9, 2001 |
|
William J. Driver January 3, 1980 to January
19, 1981 |
Jo Anne B. Barnhart November 9, 2001 to
February 11, 2007 |
|
Herbert R. Doggette
(Acting) January 20, 1981 to May 5, 1981 |
Michael J. Astrue
November 12, 2007 to present |
Source: SSA
3. Social Security is the primary social safety net for the
poor, aged and disabled. In 2008 social security
revenues from old age, survivors and disability insurance contributions
represented 6.34% and expenditures 5.77% of the $13.85 trillion GDP. 162 million workers, 54% of the 300 million population, had earnings covered by a 13.85% in social
security taxation, 6.2% OASDI tax on the first $94,200 of earnings and 1.45%
Medicare tax on all wages. Self-employed individuals paid 12.4% on OASDI and
2.9% on Hospital Insurance. One-in-six Americans receives a Social
Security benefit. At the end of 2008, almost 51 million people
were receiving benefits: 35 million retired workers and
dependents of retired workers, 6 million survivors of deceased workers, and 9
million disabled workers and dependents of disabled workers. Social Security is virtually the
only income for about one third of senior citizens and 90% of senior citizens
receive benefits. Total benefits paid in 2008 were $615
billion. Total income was $805 billion, and assets held in special issue U.S.
Treasury securities grew to $2.4 trillion. In 2008 Medicare and Medicaid served 87 million people at a
combined cost of $602 billion, 52 million Medicaid beneficiaries costing $305
billion and 42 million Medicare beneficiaries at a cost of $295 billion, and
assets rose to $338 billion. Medicaid
pays approximately 1 in 5 health care dollars and 1 in 2 nursing home dollars,
its cost is split between State and Federal governments with the federal share
ranging from 50-75%. In 2008 state agencies
collected $32.2 billion in state unemployment taxes, and paid $42.9 billion in
Federal and state unemployment benefits to 8.9 million beneficiaries. During FY 2009
state agencies are expected to collect $36.7 billion in state unemployment
taxes and to pay $102.9 billion in Federal and state unemployment benefits to
12,000,000 beneficiaries.
Social Security
Administration Balance Sheet 2008-2012 (in millions)
|
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
|
|
Social Security
Administration (on-budget) OMB |
58,602 |
78,657 |
85,108 |
80,933 |
77,304 |
|
Social Security
Administration Budget Justification |
86,712 |
87,974 |
|||
|
Social Security
Administration (off-budget) OMB |
599,197 |
648,892 |
683,867 |
708,620 |
738,430 |
|
Social Security
Administration Income |
819,000 |
848,000 |
900,000 |
946,000 |
|
|
Social Security
Administration Expenses |
683,000 |
709,000 |
735,000 |
773,000 |
|
|
Social Security
Administration Savings |
137,000 |
139,000 |
155,000 |
175,000 |
|
|
Social Security
Administration Assets |
2,203,000 |
2,340,000 |
2,479,000 |
2,634,000 |
2,809,000 |
4. There are a myriad of other public and private welfare
programs in the United States. The most
important are the Food Stamp Program and Temporary Assistance for Needy
Families (TANF). The number of food
stamp beneficiaries has risen 22.5% from 31 million to 38 million between
November 2008 and 2009 at a cost of $53.6 billion in 2009. The number of TANF beneficiaries has declined
dramatically from a high of nearly 14.2 million in 1993 to little less than 5
million in 2003 as the Personal Responsibility and World Opportunity
Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 coerced families with children to
work. In 2004 an estimated 14 million
parents had custody of 21.6 million children under 21
years of age while the other parent lived somewhere else. 28% of children live in single parent
household as the result of the dramatic increase in divorce rate to 50% of all
marriages in the 1990s. In 1999 there
were 2.2 million marriages and 1.1 million divorces. Only 10% of children living with both parents
were below the poverty line whereas 40% living with only one parent were below
the poverty line. Children living only
with their mothers were twice as likely to live in poverty as those living only
with their fathers. In 2001, 6.9 million
custodial parents were due an average of $5,000. An aggregate of $34.9 billion of payments
were due and about $21.9 billion (62.6%) were received, averaging $3,200 per
custodial-parent family, another $900 million were volunteered by parents
without current awards or agreements.
5. The U.S. is the only
industrialized nation that does not have a universal health insurance system
and allows the biohazard of medical b(k)illing. Health spending per capita in the US private health
insurance system, at $5,777, is the highest in developed countries -- 24%
higher than in the next highest spending countries, and over 90% higher than in
many other countries that would be considered global economic competitors. The share of GDP devoted to health grew from
8.8% of GDP in 1980 to 15.2% of GDP in 2003. Despite
the high cost, the U.S. tends to lag behind its peers in many vital
statistics. An estimated 47 million
people, 15% of the population, are uninsured.
Average
annual premiums for employer-sponsored coverage in 2006 were $4,242 for single
coverage and $11,480 for family coverage.
These premiums often increase twice as fast as wages, much like health
prices in general. Out of pocket
expenses for deductibles, co-pays and spending limits vary from plan to plan,
and can be considerable. Furthermore
when a person becomes chronically disabled as the result of illness or retires
and ceases to pay premiums, the health benefits in private plans cease. Barring catastrophic injury a person is
unlikely to recoup as much as one tenth of what they spend on health
insurance. The inflation in medical
costs, including premiums, and especially easily controlled government health
expenditures must be limited to no more than 3% per year. To reduce spending, Medicare and Medicaid
need to limit cost increases, and most of all stop paying for unnecessary,
involuntary and harmful medical procedures at the request of the patient. The dramatic increase in the Department of
Health and Human Services spending under the Recovery Act, rising from $700
billion in 2008 to $796 billion in 2009 to a projected $911 billion in 2012,
needs to be reversed and agency spending growth limited to 3% from 2008, $718
billion in 2009, $736 billion in 2010 and $754 billion in 2011 and $773 billion
2012.
6.
Government benefit programs, with personally identifying health and welfare
information, need to be transferred away from the bio-medical research
laboratories and epidemiological surveillance of the PHS, to improve national
bio-safety and bio-security. DHHS needs to graduate to a
Public Health Department (PHD) upon the release of the DEA (Drug Evaluation
Agency) from DOJ and completion of toxicology 101. The massive government medical
insurance program and other mandatory benefit programs need to be transferred
from DHHS to the supervision of SSA as implied by the Social Security Act that
will need some minor amendments to reflect the recusal of the Secretary to the
role of vital statistics. Medicare,
Medicaid, Children’s Health Insurance, TANF, Foster Care and Adoption
Assistance, Child Support Enforcement, Child Care, the Social Services Block
Grant and other Mandatory Programs and claims adjudication all need to be
transferred to SSA and/or an independent Social Work Administration (SWA) that
would also incorporate the Agency on Aging and the Substance Abuse Mental
Health Administration. The Centers for Medicare Medicaid
and SCHIP (CMS) must change their name.
CMS caused a recession when it was created in 2001 that did not stop
until the suicide attacks of 9-11. CMS
is sexist, incites militant feminism and is unsuccessful. The term National Health Insurance (NHI) is
recommended as a pre-requisite for the transfer of CMS to SSA. Ultimately the goal of this acquisition by
SSA would be to pay medical staff reasonable wages and buy medical supplies at
reasonable prices that don’t inflate more than 3% annually to Immediately
Achieve Single Payer Universal Coverage and Progressively Realize National
Health Insurance that is Free for All HA-28-4-08.
7. Socialism is primarily the result of the secularization of the
charitable sentiments of the Church. The
American Revolution (1775-1783), heavily financed by the French monarchy, was
led by wealthy landowners whose democratic philosophy, is upheld by the liberal
theory of Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations
(1776). The French Revolution
(1789-1799) on the other hand, was a political uprising of the starving poor
steeped in the philosophy of Voltaire and Rousseau’s Social Contract (1762) whereby the people would meet regularly in
assemblies; contributing to an inappropriately named ‘General Will’ that
outlawed all inequality and privilege, but incited guillotining and
adventurism. Karl Marx (1818-1883) defined
various stages of social development whereby “Primitive communism” means
collective ownership and use of goods at a very low technological level. “Slavery” means private ownership by individuals
of land and human beings. “Feudalism”
means control, but not ownership, of lands and serfs, chained to land, by kings
and landlords. Under “capitalism” land
is bought and sold, industrial technology is bought and sold, which become more
important than land, and work is bought with wages. Colonialism was considered a side-effect of
capitalism. “Socialism” as defined by
the Soviet Union means social ownership of the means of production, with
continued differences in wages according to the work done, and purchase of
consumer goods for private use.
“Communism” is said to mean social ownership plus sharing of goods
according to “need” with no wages or prices.
8.
The redistribution of wealth by Social security payroll tax is exclusively a
money transfer to the poor that needs to be better protected by social workers. Social security has carved a permanent place
in a liberal democracy for socialism to peacefully redistribute the wealth from
rich to poor, both domestically and internationally. In the
Soviet Union the concept of
‘social work’, as it was called, involved doing an unpaid shift for some worthy
cause or serving on a trade union committee and for academics and
professionals, it might include giving evening lectures to workers. Social work is a new scientific discipline and profession
in Russia and generally there is not a very strong tradition of international
social science publication among Russian academics. In the United States, United Kingdom and
Western Europe the social work profession and academic discipline evolved in
the 19th century to fill the demand for secular, scientific, charity
work and came into its own at the dawn of the 20th century, much
like the socialist party, but without any weakness for violent revolution. It is time now, at the beginning of the 21th
century for the right of the social worker to be elected to civil and
administrative law judgeships to be fulfilled and poverty eliminated. Ultimately, whereas there
are an estimated 35 million people who need between $100-1,000 a month to earn
the poverty line costing $15-28 billion a month or $180-336 billion annually
and SSA earned a profit of $156 billion in 2006 without taxing income above
$97,500, SSA had eliminated the taxable income limit and guaranteed all
Americans the poverty line. Furthermore
to end world poverty and income inequality, estimated to be eliminated by the
end of the century, a new 1% social security tax will be levied for
international development. There should
be no one with an income below the national poverty line industrialized nations
and no one with an income less than $2 a day in developing nations.
9. The Great Recession of 2009 has had a significant impact upon
the economy, particularly federal and state budget deficits and the
unemployment rate. The social safety net
in place from Great Depression has prevented the financial and economic crisis
from becoming a famine in industrialized nations. In many developing nations, particularly
those without energy resources to exploit, who, as the result of currency
manipulation by industrialized bank obsessed nations and no fault of their own,
have suffered serious humanitarian setbacks and the number of people suffering
from hunger around the globe is estimated to have risen from 650 million to 1.2
billion. In the U.S., following the EUs
lead, the Bush administration withdrew $700 billion from the free relatively
high employing stock market by means of special government bonds and invested
this money in ultra-low employing financial institutions who didn’t want the
money, after HA terminated service. Unemployment
jumped from less than 5% to over 9%. To make matters worse the incoming President
printed another $770 billion Recovery Act to finance States, who were only
demanding $97 billion. As long as the
financial sector bailouts cease the economy will recover. There was a 1.4% economic growth rate in 2010
after the markets has compensated for the Recovery Act bailout and then in
December 2010 Congress secretly and unwisely conspired to give workers 2% relief
in OASI tax at the expense of the General Fund incurring a decline in
employment in January and sovereign debt downgrade in July, but the 3.1% of GDP
deficit was insured with $100 billion in offshore tax evasion receipts and it
should not be difficult to enforce a less than 3% of GDP deficit as directed in
Federal
Budget in Balance FY 2011: Comparison of Bush and Obama HA-28-2-10
Effects of Spending Limit, Revenue and Health
Measures 2009-2012 (in millions)
|
2009 |
2009 s |
2010 |
2010 s |
2011 |
2011 s |
2012 |
2012
s |
|
|
Effect of Agency Spending Limits |
||||||||
|
Total Outlays |
3,517,734 |
3,724,122 |
3,720,657 |
3,016,901 |
3,833,909 |
3,194,830 |
3,754,874 |
3,139,660 |
|
Total Receipts |
2,105,000 |
2,105,000 |
2,165,000 |
2,165,000 |
2,567,000 |
2,567,000 |
2,926,000 |
2,926,000 |
|
Total Deficit |
-1,412,734 |
-1,619,122 |
-1,555,657 |
-851,901 |
-1,266,909 |
-627,830 |
-828,874 |
-213,660 |
|
% GDP |
9.8% |
11.3% |
10.6% |
5.8% |
8.2% |
4.1% |
5.1% |
1.2% |
|
Total Public Debt |
11,876,000 |
12,082,000 |
13,787,000 |
13,289,000 |
15,144,000 |
14,008,000 |
16,336,000 |
14,584,000 |
|
% GDP |
83.4% |
84.7% |
94.3% |
90.9% |
99.0% |
91.6% |
100.8% |
90.0% |
|
Effect TARP Termination |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
200,000 |
200,000 |
NA |
NA |
|
TARP Termination Effect on Deficit |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
-1,066,909 |
-427,830 |
NA |
NA |
|
% GDP |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
6.9% |
2.8% |
NA |
NA |
|
TARP Termination Effect on Debt |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
14,944,000 |
13,808,000 |
16,136,000 |
14,384,000 |
|
% GDP |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
97.6% |
90.3% |
99.6% |
88.7% |
|
Effect of Revenue Provisions + TARP |
||||||||
|
No on Make Work Pay Extension |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
30,132 |
30,132 |
31,075 |
31,075 |
|
No on Information Reporting Tax |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
-326 |
-326 |
-1,029 |
-1,029 |
|
Total Effect of Revenue Provisions |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
29,806 |
29,806 |
30,046 |
30,046 |
|
Revenue Provision Effect on Total
Deficit |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
-1,036,000 |
-398,000 |
-799,000 |
-184,000 |
|
% GDP |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
6.7% |
2.6% |
4.9% |
1.1% |
|
Revenue Provision Effect on Public
Debt |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
14,914,000 |
13,778,000 |
16,106,000 |
14,354,000 |
|
% GDP |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
97.5% |
90.1% |
99.4% |
88.6% |
|
Effect of Health Care Proposals +
TARP + Rev. |
||||||||
|
Social Health Insurance Plan |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
-75,000 |
-75,000 |
-80,000 |
-80,000 |
|
Effect of Social Health on Deficit |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
-1,111 |
-473,000 |
-909,000 |
-294 |
|
% GDP |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
7.2% |
3.1% |
5.6% |
1.8% |
|
Total Effect of Social Health on Debt |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
14,989,000 |
13,833,000 |
16,186,000 |
14,434,000 |
|
% GDP |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
97.9% |
90.5% |
99.9% |
89.1% |
|
National Health Service |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
688,000 |
688,000 |
709,000 |
709,000 |
|
Effect of NHI on Deficit |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
-379,000 |
+261,000 |
-119,000 |
+495,000 |
|
% GDP |
2.5% |
+ 1.7% |
0.7% |
+ 3.1% |
||||
|
Effect NHI on Debt |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
14,256,000 |
13,120,000 |
15,427,000 |
13,875,000 |
|
% GDP |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
93.2% |
85.8% |
95.2% |
85.6% |
10. The
fulfillment of human rights is the absolutely most critical issue for economic
governance. Economists often talk of deficit
spending during a recession and the need for consumerism. This is good only insofar as spending goes to
satisfy genuine human rights to such things as food, shelter, social insurance,
education and beneficial work. Bailouts
of the financial sector or excessive subsidizing of the health sector are not
affordable and are mathematically and morally antagonistic to the economic
recovery of a society of individuals and families. Deficits flourish as the result of negligence
regarding human rights abuses. In a
democracy it is the people who are sovereign.
Unless the government redistributes tax revenues efficiently to the
poor, inequality and brutality subvert the economy, and no one has any desire
or ability to contribute to such a totalitarian dictatorship. Balancing the budget is the primary act of
good government. A balanced budget
indicates the large scale financing of waste, fraud and abuse has been
minimized and there is enough money and wisdom to satisfy the human rights of
the people. The best examples in recent history
are the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (Public Law 105-33) and the Balanced Budget
Refinement Act of 1999. These Acts,
having limited Defense spending to less than $300 billion for the duration of
the 1990s focused mostly on limiting fraudulent and wasteful medical
spending. At the time that the Constitution came into effect, the
United States had a significant debt, primarily associated with the
Revolutionary War. As early as 1798, Thomas Jefferson wrote, “I wish it were
possible to obtain a single amendment to our Constitution...an additional
article taking from the Federal Government the power of borrowing”. Several balanced budget Amendments were proposed in 1982,
1997 and twice in 2005 and in 2011 another highly defective version was
introduced and has been filed as edited below in Amendment II of the Annotated Constitution of the
United States.
Section 1. Prior to each fiscal year, the
President shall transmit to the Congress a proposed budget for the United
States Government for that fiscal year in which total outlays do not exceed
total receipts.
Section 2. Total outlays for any fiscal year
shall not exceed total receipts for that fiscal year, unless three-fifths of
the whole number of each House of Congress shall provide by law for a specific
excess of outlays over receipts by a rollcall vote.
Section 3. No bill to increase revenue shall
become law unless approved by a majority of the whole number of each House by a
rollcall vote.
Section 4. The limit on the debt of the United
States held by the public shall not be increased, unless three-fifths of the
whole number of each House shall provide by law for such an increase by a
roll-call vote.
Section
5. The Congress shall enforce and implement this article by
appropriate legislation, which may rely on estimates of outlays and receipts
Sanders, Tony J. Book 3: Health and Welfare (HaW). 166 pgs. Hospitals
& Asylums HA-17-8-11. www.title24uscode.org/haw.doc
Test Questions www.title24uscode.org/hawtest.doc