Hospitals & Asylums
November 2014
By Anthony J. Sanders
Balancing
the federal budget is a self-inflicted pain in the OASDI, be sure to sit on a soft
cushion when doing calculus all day long, but at least the 3% of GDP deficit inspired
me to correct my mathematics regarding the optimal OASDI rate of 10.1% OASI and
2.3% DI until 2018 when the demographics change to 10.2% OASI and 2.2% DI. Balancing
the budget is mostly a matter of OMB accurately accounting for agency budget
requests, accepting the $495 billion military and $1 trillion medical spending limit
without review until FY2020, and reorganizing to better account for Acts
Affecting a Personal Financial Interest off-budget. Other
Defense – Civil Programs, Allowances, and Undistributed Off-setting Receipts
rows must be abolished and deleted from the on-budget table so OMB ceases to
confuse the public debt with the decadent accounting of off-setting receipts
involved in the operations of the Treasury, for which considerable retroactive
debt relief may be due. The $60.1
billion Premium Tax Credit and Cost-sharing reductions treasury program needs
to be immediately abolished. It will be necessary to redress the cruel ~$666 a month social security
overpayment decisions, ruled illegal by the Senate Social Security Caucus in
2011, with underpayment determinations compensating the theft victims with the
restoration of their original benefit amount, back-payments for the time their
benefits were subjected to illegal retroactive garnishment and base wage boost
>$700 to the $1,000 per person ideal begged by the author, up to $2,400 a
month for retired and disabled workers with dependent family or
partner/caregiver, to compensate for the use of Section 204(b)(c) of the Social
Security Act (42USC§404), the Theft of Government Funds 18USC§666 and the
Treasury under 31USC§329 and limit the time a beneficiary can earn between $600
and $699 a month to 42 months before they are automatically given $700 a month
(Revelation 13:10).
An Act is needed this December 2014 to assure
DI beneficiaries a decent COLA that won’t be reduced to 80% of scheduled
benefits in 2016 because the DI trust fund is exhausted, To eliminate the
maximum taxable limit on the Disability Insurance (DI) FICA tax calendar year
2015 increasing revenues, from $117.3 billion to an estimated $156 billion
barely enough for costs of $151 billion at the current 1.80% rate, and from
$149.9 billion to $199.4 billion at the optimal rate of 2.30% going down to
2.20% in 2018. To amend the DI tax rate
from 1.80% to 2.30%, from 0.90% to 1.15% for employees and from 0.90% to 1.15%
for employers under Sec. 201(b)(1)(S) of the Social Security Act 42USC(7)II§401
without increasing the overall 12.4% OASDI or 15.3% OASDI and Hospital
Insurance (HI) tax-rate under 26USC(A)(2)§1401. To amend the OASI tax rate from
10.60% to 10.10%, from 5.30% to 5.05% for employee under 26USC(C)(21)(A)§3101 (a) and from 5.30% to 5.05% for employers
under 26USC(C)(21)(A)§3111 (a). To
abolish the OASI income cap on contributions and tax the rich the full 12.4%
OASDI FICA tax in FY2016, raising >$250 billion annually in new revenues,
requiring the Social Security Administration (SSA) to pay >$55 billion for
SSI and >$11 billion SSA administrative costs $70 billion 2016, off-budget,
and receive a guaranteed 10 percent of profits in surplus of expenditures, to
save in the OASI and DI trust funds at a ratio in equilibrium with the
beneficiary population whereby the large OASI trust fund should bear primary
responsibility for an account deficit, so as not to deplete the smaller trust
fund; with interest income OASDI combined may not need to raise taxes again for
the rise in expenses 2030-2050 and possibly increase the tax rate around 2070
as costs rise to 13.58% of taxable payroll in 2090, and share the remainder of profits
with the General revenues to insure the 75 year horizon against poverty and reasonable
federal deficits until about 2030.
Diabetes mellitus edition of
Gastroenterology HA-6-11-14
Gastroenterology
has been edited to better understand of diabetes mellitus. On some Native American reservations 60% of the population has
diabetes. In the United States an estimated 23.6 million children and adults,
7.8% of the population, have diabetes. While an estimated 17.9 million have
been diagnosed with diabetes, 5.7 million people (or nearly one quarter) are
unaware that they have the disease and another 57 million have pre-diabetes. An estimated 177 million people are
affected by diabetes world-wide, the majority by type 2 diabetes. Two-thirds
live in the developing world. The rate of new cases of diabetes has increased by about 90
percent in the United States over the past decade. From 1995 to 1997, newly
diagnosed cases of diabetes were at 4.8 per 1,000 annually. Between 2005 and
2007, that number rose to 9.1 per 1,000 people.
An estimated 90 percent to 95 percent of the new cases are type 2
diabetes. Diabetes and
pre-diabetes have skyrocketed among the nation’s youth, jumping from 9 percent
of the adolescent population in 2000 to 23 percent in 2008. Despite the minute size of the islets
of Langerhans the endocrine pancreas is responsible for a disproportionate
amount of morbidity and mortality.
Diabetes mellitus ranks among the top ten causes of death in Western
nations. The number of new cases of Diabetes mellitus
has nearly doubled in the past fifteen years since the atypical antipsychotic
and antidepressant Olanzapine (Zyprexa), known to cause both diabetes and fatal
diabetic episodes when mixed with alcohol, was marketed in 1994 by Eli Lilly
& Company, the U.S. manufacturer of insulin. It is hypothesized that injectable
insulin is vulnerable to drug counterfeiting and injections, particularly
several times a day, are more dangerous than the oral route, wherefore clinical
studies are recommended to see if patients with Type I diabetes respond well to
oral diabetes medications used in the treatment of Type II diabetes. There are
two types of diabetes type I and II. Insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus (IDDM) also called Type I diabetes, juvenile onset and
ketosis-prone diabetes. Juvenile onset
diabetes accounts for 10 to 20% of all cases of idiopathic diabetes. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
(NIDDM) also called type II diabetes and adult onset diabetes accounts for 80
to 90% of all cases. Type II diabetes is
divided into obese and non-obese types and third rare form, known as
maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) that manifests as a mild
hyperglycemia and is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. A clinical study found that 50% of people
diagnosed with Type I juvenile onset diabetes were dad within 22 years of
diagnosis. Chronic hyperglycemia is a major
contributing factor towards almost all possible complications with diabetes
including kidney failure, blindness, diabetic neuropathy, and heart problems.
Morning fasting glucose levels range from
70 to 99 mg/dL, pre-diabetes from 100 to 125 mg/dL and diabetes 126 mg/dL
or higher. Ketone testing is an important part
of monitoring in type 1 diabetes. It is a tool that is often also used in
pregnancies that are complicated by diabetes.
If the reading is below 0.6 mmol/L you are in
the normal range. If the number is between 0.6 to 1.5 mmol/L is in this range ketones are present in the
blood, which may develop into a problem if not treated. Readings above 1.5 mmol/L indicate a
greater risk for developing ketoacidosis (DKA). Hemoglobin A1c refers to the final product of several chemical
reactions that occur in the bloodstream as red blood cells are exposed to
glucose. A red blood cell typically lives for about three months, so the HbA1c
reading provides a report card averaging the prior three months blood sugar
levels. The A1C test result is reported as a percentage. A normal A1C level is below 5.7 percent.
Insulin
is a naturally-occurring hormone secreted by the pancreas. Insulin is required
by the cells of the body in order for them to remove and use glucose from the blood.
From glucose the cells produce the energy that they need to carry out their
functions. Researchers first gave an active extract of the pancreas containing
insulin to a young diabetic patient in 1922, and the FDA first approved insulin
in 1939. Currently, insulin used for treatment is derived from beef and pork
pancreas as well as recombinant (human) technology. In general, adjust dosage of insulin based on blood
and urine glucose determinations and carefully individualize to attain
optimum therapeutic effect. Administer into the
thighs, upper arms, buttocks, or abdomen using a 25- to 28-gauge needle,
one-half to five-eighths inch in length.
Insulin (regular) (i.e.,
purified pork insulin) generally is given sub-Q in a dosage of 2–4
units, 15–30 minutes before meals and at bedtime no change in dosage usually is
required when transferring to human insulin,
. Rapid Acting Insulin Analogs (Insulin Aspart,
insulin Lyspro, Insulin Glulisine)
which have an onset of action of 5 to 15 minutes, peak effect in 1 to 2 hours
and duration of action that lasts 4-6 hours.
Regular Human Insulin has an
onset of action of 1/2 hour to 1 hour, peak effect in 2 to 4 hours, and
duration of action of 6 to 8 hours.
Intermediate-acting insulin is absorbed more slowly, and lasts
longer. It is used to control the blood
sugar overnight, while fasting and between meals, it includes NPH Human Insulin which has an onset of insulin effect of 1
to 2 hours, a peak effect of 4 to 6 hours, and duration of action of more than
12 hours. NPH (Neutral Protamine Hagedorn)
is a longer-acting human insulin that is used to cover blood sugar between
meals, and to satisfy overnight insulin requirements. A fish protein,
protamine, has been added to the Regular human insulin to delay its absorption.
Long-acting insulin is absorbed slowly, has a minimal peak effect, and a stable
plateau effect that lasts most of the day and is used to control the blood
sugar overnight, while fasting and between meals. Long acting insulin analogs (Insulin Glargine,
Insulin Detemir) have an onset
of insulin effect in 1 1/2-2 hours. The insulin effect plateaus over the next
few hours and is followed by a relatively flat duration of action that lasts
12-24 hours for insulin detemir and 24 hours for
insulin glargine.
Novolog or
another rapid-acting injectable insulins are self injected about 15 minutes before mealtime. Short-acting insulins
such as regular insulin, should be taken 30 to 60 minutes before
a meal. Intermediate-acting insulins should be taken
up to 1 hour prior to a meal. Pre-mixed insulins,
depending on the product used, premixed solutions should be taken 10
minutes or 30 to 45 minutes before mealtime. Injections of long-acting insulins are not "timed" to mealtime because of
their long duration of action. Levemir is taken once
or twice a day irrespective of mealtime. Lantus is only administered once a day
(and should be administered at the same time each day). Finally, the
rapid-acting products can also be taken immediately after a meal (rather than
15 minutes before mealtime).
Insulin
resistance is the hallmark of type 2 diabetes.
Lowering body fat lowers insulin resistance. The first treatment for type 2 diabetes blood glucose (sugar)
control is often meal planning, weight loss, and exercising. Sometimes these
measures are not enough to bring blood glucose levels down near the normal
range. The next step is taking a medicine that lowers blood glucose
levels. All diabetes pills sold today in
the United States are members of six classes of drugs that work in different
ways to lower blood glucose (blood sugar) levels: Sulfonylureas, Meglitinides, Biguanides, Thiazolidinediones, Alpha-glucosidase
inhibitors and DPP-4 inhibitors. (1) Sulfonylureas stimulate the beta cells of
the pancreas to release more insulin. Sulfonylurea drugs have been in use since
the 1950s. Chlorpropamide (Diabinese)
is the only first-generation sulfonylurea still in use today. The second
generation sulfonylureas are used in smaller doses than the first-generation
drugs. There are three second-generation drugs: glipizide (Glucotrol and
Glucotrol XL), glyburide (Micronase, Glynase, and Diabeta), and
glimepiride (Amaryl). These drugs are generally taken one to two times a day,
before meals. All sulfonylurea drugs have similar effects on blood glucose
levels, but they differ in side effects, how often they are taken, and
interactions with other drugs. Meglitinides are drugs
that also stimulate the beta cells to release insulin. Repaglinide
(Prandin) and nateglinide (Starlix) are meglitinides. They
are taken before each of three meals.
Because sulfonylureas and meglitinides
stimulate the release of insulin, it is possible they cause hypoglycemia (low
blood glucose levels). Alcohol and some
diabetes pills may not mix. Occasionally, chlorpropamide
and other sulfonylureas, can interact with alcohol to cause vomiting, flushing
or sickness. Metformin (Glucophage) is a
biguanide. Biguanides lower
blood glucose levels primarily by decreasing the amount of glucose produced by
the liver. Metformin also helps to lower blood glucose levels by making muscle
tissue more sensitive to insulin so glucose can be absorbed. It is usually
taken two times a day. A side effect of metformin may be diarrhea, but this is
improved when the drug is taken with food.
Rosiglitazone (Avandia) and pioglitazone (ACTOS) are in a group of drugs
called thiazolidinediones. These drugs help insulin
work better in the muscle and fat and also reduce glucose production in the
liver. The first drug in this group, troglitazone (Rezulin), was removed from the market because it caused
serious liver problems in a small number of people. So far rosiglitazone and
pioglitazone have not shown the same problems, but users are still monitored
closely for liver problems as a precaution. Both drugs appear to increase the
risk for heart failure in some individuals, and there is debate about whether
rosiglitazone may contribute to an increased risk for heart attacks. Both drugs
are effective at reducing A1C and generally have few side effects. Acarbose (Precose) and meglitol (Glyset) are alpha-glucosidase
inhibitors. These drugs help the body to lower blood glucose levels by blocking
the breakdown of starches, such as bread, potatoes, and pasta in the intestine.
They also slow the breakdown of some sugars, such as table sugar. Their action
slows the rise in blood glucose levels after a meal. They should be taken with
the first bite of a meal. These drugs may have side effects, including gas and
diarrhea.
A
new class of medications called DPP-4 inhibitors help improve A1C without
causing hypoglycemia. They work by preventing the breakdown of a naturally
occurring compound in the body, GLP-1. GLP-1 reduces blood glucose levels in
the body, but is broken down very quickly so it does not work well when
injected as a drug itself. By interfering in the process that breaks down
GLP-1, DPP-4 inhibitors allow it to remain active in the body longer, lowering
blood glucose levels only when they are elevated. DPP-4 inhibitors do not tend
to cause weight gain and tend to have a neutral or positive effect on
cholesterol levels. Sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina) are the DPP-4
inhibitors currently on the market in the US.
Because the drugs listed above act in different ways to lower blood
glucose levels, they may be used together. For example, a biguanide
and a sulfonylurea may be used together. Many combinations can be used. Though
taking more than one drug can be more costly and can increase the risk of side
effects, combining oral medications can improve blood glucose control when
taking only a single pill does not have the desired effects. Switching from one
single pill to another is not as effective as adding another type of diabetes medicine.Generic versions of some sulfonylureas are
available. These cost less than brand-name products and in general are
reliable. There is now a generic Metformin (Glucophage). To save more money, ask for the largest
tablet strength suitable for the dose needed. One 500-mg tablet, for example,
often costs much less than two 250-mg tablets, and can be split. Diabetes
pills aren't perfect, but they can help to lower glucose levels for many people
with type 2 diabetes. All diabetes pills
can interact with other medicines. Any
sulfonylurea or meglitinide can cause blood glucose
levels to drop too low (hypoglycemia).
Metformin or the glitazones rarely cause
hypoglycemia unless taken with insulin stimulators (sulfonylureas or repaglinide) or insulin injections. Acarbose
or miglitol, taken as prescribed, does not cause
hypoglycemia. However, hypoglycemia can occur when acarbose
or meglitol is taken in combination with other
diabetes medications. For pancreatic cancer diagnosed as insuloma
Diazoxide inhibits release of insulin and has a
peripheral hyperglycemic effect, a benzothiadizine
diuretic should be given with diazoxide. Propranolol and glucocorticoids have also
been used. Without any demonstrated improvements with combination therapy 5-FU
alone is the most appropriate chemotherapy choice for pancreatic cancer.
Since
antiquity, diabetes has been treated with plant medicines. Recent scientific
investigation has confirmed the efficacy of many of these preparations, some of
which are remarkably effective. Only those herbs that appear most effective,
are relatively non-toxic and have substantial documentation of efficacy were
covered by Holistic online, most of the rare ones were corroborated by Reader’s
Digest. Onion (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum)
have significant blood sugar lowering action. The principal active ingredients
are believed to be allyl propyl disulphide
(APDS) and diallyl disulphide
oxide (allicin), although other constitutents
such as flavonoids may play a role as well. The additional benefit of the
use of garlic and onions are their beneficial cardiovascular effects. They are
found to lower lipid levels, inhibit platelet aggregation and are
antihypertensive. So, liberal use of onion and garlic are recommended for
diabetic patients. Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated the
antidiabetic properties of fenugreek (Trigonela foenum-graecum) seeds. The active ingredient
responsible for the antidiabetic properties of fenugreek is in the defatted
portion of the seed that contains the alkaloid trogonelline,
nicotinic acid and coumarin. A decoction of the
leaves of the blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
has a long history of folk use in the treatment of diabetes. In Europe, it is
used as an anti-haemorrhagic agent in the treatment
of eye diseases including diabetic retinopathy. Asian ginseng is commonly
used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat diabetes. It has been shown to
enhance the release of insulin from the pancreas and to increase the number of
insulin receptors. It also has a direct blood sugar-lowering effect. A recent study found that 200 mg of ginseng
extract per day improved blood sugar control as well as energy levels in Type 2
diabetes (NIDDM). Bilberry may lower the
risk of some diabetic complications, such as diabetic cataracts and
retinopathy. Stevia has been used
traditionally to treat diabetes. Ginkgo biloba
extract may prove useful for prevention and treatment of early-stage diabetic
neuropathy. Cinnamon triples
insulin's efficiency Barberry -
One of the mildest and best liver tonics known. Dosage: tincture, 10-30 drops;
standard decoction or 3-9 g. Pterocarpus marsupium
(Indian Kino, Malabar Kino, Pitasara, Venga) tree is the source of the
Kino of the European pharmacopeas. The gum-resin
looks like dried blood (Dragon's blood), much used in Indian medicine. This
herb has a long history of use in India as a treatment for diabetes. The
flavonoid, (-)-epicatechin, extracted from the bark
of this plant has been shown to prevent alloxan-induced
beta cell damage in rats. Both epicatechin and a crude alcohol extract of Pterocarpus marsupium have actually been shown to
regenerate functional pancreatic beta cells. No other drug or natural agent has
been shown to generate this activity. Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) also known as balsam pear, is
a tropical vegetable widely cultivated in Asia, Africa and South America, and
has been used extensively in folk medicine as a remedy for diabetes. The blood
sugar lowering action of the fresh juice or extract of the unripe fruit has
been clearly established in both experimental and clinical studies. Bitter
melon is composed of several compounds with confirmed anti-diabetic properties.
The oral administration of 50-60 ml of the juice has shown good results in
clinical trials. Excessively high doses
of bitter melon juice can cause abdominal pain and diarrhea. Small children or
anyone with hypoglycemia should not take bitter melon, since this herb could
theoretically trigger or worsen low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia. Furthermore,
diabetics taking hypoglycemic drugs (such as chlorpropamide,
glyburide, or phenformin) or insulin should use
bitter melon with caution, as it may potentiate the effectiveness of the drugs,
leading to severe hypoglycemia. Gymnema Sylvestre (Gurmar, Meshasringi, Cherukurinia) assists the pancreas
in the production of insulin in Type 2 diabetes. Gymnema
also improves the ability of insulin to lower blood sugar in both Type 1 and
Type 2 diabetes. It decreases cravings for sweet. This herb can be an excellent
substitute for oral blood sugar-lowering drugs in Type 2 diabetes. Some people
take 500 mg per day of gymnema extract.
Book 8 Drug Regulation (DR)
13th
Draft To repeal and replace Chapter 8 Gorgas Hospital §300-320, to reduce demand
for the 10 billion prescriptions that fuel the $1 trillion global drug market
with $600 billion in pharmaceutical sales and $400 billion in illicit drug
sales, $160 billion pharmaceutical and $65 billion illicit drug sales in the
U.S. in 2001, to better regulate food
quality, more than 3,200 pharmaceutical preparations and laboratory pathogens,
to refund certified organic tobacco vendors a tax
rebate, for 14 years a year for rolling tobacco and 17.5 years a year for small
cigars, for each year the excessive excise tax of 2009, to
voluntarily recall all antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs, to treat
autistic side-effects of antipsychotics with one dose of
Cogentin (benztropine) or Symmetrel
(Amantadine), to treat hyperactive children is spearmint (Mentha spicata) in equal proportions with lemon
balm (Melissa officinalis)
to which can be added milky oats (Avena sativa); for mild depression and anxiety St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum); Valerian
root (Valeriana officinalis) is a more
serious nervine for stress, insomnia and anxiety, to require GMO crops and rBGH
dairy products be labeled. to limit exclusively for medical use antibiotics in
animal feed, pesticides and chemical fertilizers, to market antibiotics and highly safe and
effective prescription medicines Over-the-counter (OTC), to append antibiotic
warning labels “take one billion probiotic organisms within two hours of taking
antibiotics and for two weeks after completing the course”, to append heart
medicine labels “salt and sugar free vegan diet and
daily exercise, eliminate obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes and angina pectoris, Hawthorne is the Supreme
herb for the heart, antibiotics cure endocarditis”, to
promote the metronidazole prescription for surgery prevention and manufacture
in the USA, to fast track the clinical and animal trials of the antiviral DRACO
that might cure the common cold and HIV, to prohibit the sale of Aspergillus niger to
improve the respiratory prognosis of African-Americans and promote Sporonox (itraconazole) for the
treatment of fungal infections including pulmonary and extra-pulmonary aspergillosis, the primary prophylaxis for leukemia and neutropenic patients, to provide Narcan to
methadone consumers, to change the name of the Substance
Abuse Mental Health System Administration (SAMHSA) to Social Work Administration (SWA), to abolish
the Bureau for Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) into an FDA Center for
Alcohol, Tobacco and Marijuana (ATM) and DoJ Bureau
of Firearms and Explosives (BFE), change the name of the DEA to Drug Evaluation
Agency, prohibit DEA international offices and police finance, hire exclusively
doctors DEA Administrative Law Judges (ALJs) and transition to the FDA, to
reschedule Tobacco I, LSD II and Marijuana III, destroy Dimethoxy-methyl-amphetamine
(DOM) stockpiles, and repeal automatically refilled
military contracts in DEA Form 222
to reverse the 1,000% annual increase in fatal opiate overdoses since 2001,
to transfer the Secretariat of the International Narcotic Control Board (INCB)
to the World Health Organization (WHO), to remove Drugs from the name of the
Office of Crime (OC), to give Afghanistan 80% of the national and 75% of
international opium quota, to stop doctors from receiving kickbacks from
pharmaceutical companies, to divert pharmaceutical political contributions to
independent candidates, to eliminate mandatory minimum sentencing and reduce
sentences for illicit drug possession and trafficking, to make drug addiction
treatment safe, accessible and judged by a social worker, MIRROR form; Quiz….1062
Book 10 Armed Forces Retirement Home (AFRH)
To
transfer Chapter 1 Navy Hospitals, Army and Navy Hospitals, and Hospital Relief
for Seamen and Other §1-40
to Chapter 10 Armed Forces Retirement Home §400-435. The Armed Forces Retirement Home (AFRH) houses approximately 1,600 veterans at
the U.S. Soldiers’ and Airmen’s Home (USSAH in Washington D.C. and the U.S.
Naval Home (USNH) in Gulfport, Mississippi.
At an average age of 76, the largest percentage of residents, 80% are
WWII veterans, 30% in Korea and 10% in Vietnam.
The average length of stay is 10.6 years. The Naval Home was established in the Naval
Hospitals Act of Feb. 26, 1811 by Paul Hamilton of South Carolina, secretary of
the Navy, under President James Madison.
The charter was to provide a permanent asylum for old and disabled naval
officers, seamen and Marines. The Naval
Home was however not officially opened until 1834 after James Fillebrown, Secretary of Commissioners of Navy Hospitals
appealed his embezzlement conviction to the Supreme Court in 1833, it was known
as the Naval Asylum until the name was changed to the Naval Home in 1880. The Soldier’s Home was established in 1851,
as an asylum for old and disabled veterans.
It was at the Soldier’s Home that President Abraham Lincoln wrote the
Emancipation Proclamation. The Soldiers’
Home began admitting airmen in 1917 and officially changed its name to
Soldiers’ and Airmen’s Home in 1972. The
Naval Home was initially funded by contributions from the active force. This
contribution was augmented by all fines imposed upon persons of the Navy and
was the principal source of monies for the Naval Hospital Fund/Pension Fund.
The Pension Fund also received all money accruing from the sale of prizes of
war. For nearly 100 years these monies funded the Naval Home. In 1934, the Pension Fund was abolished by
Congress and the proceeds were deposited into the U.S. Treasury. From 1935
until 1991, the Naval Home was funded by Navy appropriations. Today, it is funded
by monthly withholding from active duty troops, fines and forfeitures, interest
off the Trust Fund and resident fees, to incorporate the oldest and newest HA
laws; Quiz…1608