Hospitals & Asylums
Military Diplomacy (MD)
To transfer Chapter 1 Navy Hospitals, Army and Navy Hospital, and Hospital Relief for Seamen and Others to Chapter 10 Armed Forces Retirement Home, change the name of the Department of Defense (DoD) to Military Department (MD); prohibit use of force, thermal oceanic dumping, military biological experimentation and damaging environmental research; tax emissions; limit military spending to no more than $400 - $500 billion annually, sell surplus military assets to the most peaceful bidder; eliminate nuclear arsenals, pay taxes to the general treasury of all occupied developing nations; pay back taxes where there has been conflict; purchase rights to African Command, Iraq Reconstruction Fund, US/Afghan Peace Treaty and Balanced Federal Budget from the Author; and appoint a civilian Secretary for the Department.
Be the Democratic and Republican
(DR) war party dissolved
1st Draft 20 August 2004, amended 4 times on both
Memorial and Veteran’s Day until the 6th Draft for Armed Forces Month, released
on Memorial Day, 28 May 2007, 7th Draft Memorial Day 26 May 2008, 8th 25 May
2009, 9th 7 December 2009 National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day
1.This
Act transfers the contents of Title 24 Chapter One Navy Hospitals, Naval Home,
Army and other Naval Hospital, and Hospital Relief for Seamen and Others §1-40
to Chapter 10 Armed Forces Retirement Home §400-435
to dedicate a entire new Chapter to renaming the
Department of Defense (DoD) to the Military
Department (MD). The United States has the largest military in the
world. The United States military is an all-volunteer force. The
Department employs an estimated 2.8 million people, 1.4 million active duty
troops, 700,000 civilian employees and 1.3 million in the Reserve and National
Guard. 480,000 are deployed in more than 146 countries in more than 730
military bases, 110,000 in NATO countries, 100,000 in Asian Pacific countries,
150,000 in the Middle East and Central Asia, 2,200 in the Americas and 770 in
Africa as of 2004. It is the largest
standing army with the largest military expenditures of any nation. The
FY 2011 budget of $721 billion, roughly half of all international military
expenditures estimated at $1.5 trillion. Military spending is set to go down to
$653 billion in FY 2012 with the termination of supplemental funding for
operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. To
balance the federal budget the Department must limit spending to $400 -$500
billion annually for the rest of the decade.
This is not as difficult as it sounds.
The Department has built up its arsenal and investment portfolio while
at war. $60 billion can be saved from
maintenance costs by complying with the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
(NPT). Surplus military bases, both
foreign and domestic, must be legitimately sold, for savings of another $25 to
$75 billion in maintenance, plus revenues from the sale of land. The Department must cut costs, sell off
foreign and surplus bases, scrap outdated weapons and programs, terminate
military environmental modification and biological research and be more
accountable. When the United States has less 1 million active duty troops the
African Union will be more likely to allow African Command (AFRICOM) to deploy
to the continent with most conflict and complete the mission of the United
States to create a just and lasting world peace in the 21st
century.
2. The Army, Navy, and Marine Corps
were established in 1775, in concurrence with the American Revolution. On June
30, 1775, the Second Continental Congress established 69 Articles of War to
govern the conduct of the Continental Army. The War Department was
established in 1789, and was the precursor to what is now the Department of
Defense. On April 10, 1806, the first United States Congress enacted 101
Articles of War, which were not significantly revised until over a century
later. The Department of Defense (DoD)
was named in the Secretary of Defense Transfer Order No. 40 of July 22,
1949. The military justice system continued to operate under the Articles
of War until May 31, 1951, when the Uniform Code of Military Justice went into
effect. In 1974 the draft was abolished by the Military Selective Service
Act. The President of the United States is the Commander-in-Chief, the Secretary
of Defense the highest ranking civilian military official and Joint Forces
Command is the highest level of military leadership. The war-making power
of the President is limited by Congress.
All peacekeeping missions must be authorized by the UN Security Council.
Since
1945, UN Peacekeepers have undertaken 60 field missions and negotiated 172
peaceful settlements that have ended regional conflicts, and enabled people in
more than 45 countries to participate in free and fair elections. The approved DPKO budget for 2005-06 was approximately $5
billion. The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is an alliance of 26 countries from
North America and Europe established in the Washington Treaty of 1949 to
provide common
commitment among sovereign democratic states in support of the security for all
of its members. The Treaty on
Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) of 1992 limits the numbers of
conventional armaments and equipment to 40,000 battle tanks, 60,000 armored
combat vehicles, 40,000 pieces of artillery, 13,600 combat aircraft and 4,000
attack helicopters. NATO has been
compromised in Afghanistan and in Libya, to the reinforcement of the Monroe
doctrine non-entanglement in European affairs for a peaceful America. The
United States must focus on complying with the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty
(NPT)
to reduce their 10,000 warhead arsenal, to no more than 1,700 and 2,200 nuclear
warheads by 2012 for $50 billion annual savings.
3. War is defined as a military
conflict, either international or domestic, that takes the lives of more than
1,000 people. War is a prolonged state of violent, large-scale conflict involving two or
more groups of people. Since the founding of the United Nations in 1945
the world has only seen 26 days without war. The United States has fought a total of 13 wars and suffered
an estimated 1.3 million casualties in thirteen wars. Nearly half of US casualties were incurred by
the Civil War when 625,000 US and Confederate soldiers lost their lives. 25,000 were killed and another 25,000 wounded
in the American Revolutionary War (1775-83).
In the War of 1812-15 an estimated 20,000 US soldiers died and 4,505
were wounded. In the Mexican war (1846-48) 13,282 US soldiers died and 13,800
were wounded. In the Civil War (1861-65) an estimated 625,000 US soldiers died,
364,511 from the Union and 260,000 from the Confederates, 281,881 Union
soldiers were wounded. In the Spanish-American War 345 US soldiers died, 1,645 were
wounded and 2,565 diseased, at least 10,660 Cubans were killed and 3,560
Spaniard were killed and 13,500 wounded or diseased. In the Philippine War 1898-1902 4,196 US soldiers died and
2,930 were wounded, an estimated 16,000 Philippine soldiers died and 250,000 –
1 million civilians lost their lives. In
World War I (1917-18) 116,516 US soldiers died and 204,002 were wounded, an
estimated 19 million civilians were killed, including 9 million soldiers from
both sides, and 21 million wounded. In
World War II 1941-45 405,399 US soldiers died and 670,846 were wounded, an
estimated 55 million civilians were killed.
In the Korean War (1950-53) 36,516 US soldiers died and 103,284 were
wounded, more than 2 million Koreans died.
In the Vietnam War 1964-73 58,151 US soldiers died and 153,303 were
wounded, more than 2 million Vietnamese were killed. In the first Gulf War (1990-91) 299 US
soldiers died and 467 were wounded, an estimated 25,000 civilians were
killed. In the War in Afghanistan
(2001-11) over a thousand US soldiers died, at least 4,565 were wounded, and
30,000-50,000 civilians have been killed. In the Iraq War (2003-10) 4,369 US
soldiers died and at least 31,572 were wounded, an estimated 1.3 million Iraqis
died. War and armed conflicts in general are traditionally
brought to an end through the ratification of treaties of peace. Although
history is rife with conflict, some peoples, regions and nations have enjoyed
periods of peace that have lasted generations, such as Sweden (1814–present),
Switzerland (1848–present) and Costa Rica (1949–present) who following 1949
abolished its army.
4. Advances in military technology
such as rapid fire rifles and explosives have made the 20th century
the most violent in human history.
Around the world nearly three times as many people were killed in
conflict in the 20th century as in the previous four, not very
peaceful, centuries combined, with 109.7 million conflict related deaths, 4.35%
of the general population based on mid-century population. Mega murder, the death of more than 1 million
people occurred in the US occupation of the Philippines (1898-1911), 19 million
died in WWI (1914-18), 55 million in WWII (1940-1946), 2 million in each Korea
(1950-54), Vietnam (1962-74), Cambodia and the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan
(1980-88), the Iraq war (2003-2010) passed the million casualty mark in
2009. The worst catastrophe in terms of
human life were the domestic repression of communist regimes under Chairman Mao
that took 40 million lives and Stalin who killed 50 million of his own people.
Even in times of war, disease is the most prolific killer of both soldiers and
civilians; however medical advances have made it so that more soldiers are
hospitalized for disease than combat related injuries. Since WWII and détente
world poverty has overtaken war as the greatest source of avoidable human
misery. More people, some 300 million, have died from hunger and
remediable diseases in peacetime in the seventeen years since the end of the
Cold War than have perished from wars, civil wars and government repression
over the entire twentieth century. Some 830 million human beings are
chronically undernourished, 1.1 billion lack access to safe water, 2.6 billion
lack access to basic sanitation, 2 billion lack access to essential drugs, 1
billion lack adequate shelter, and 2 billion lack electricity, 774 million
adults are illiterate and 218 million children between five and seventeen do
wage work outside of the household. The great catastrophe of human
poverty is ongoing, as is the annual toll of 18 million lives. We face victims
of natural calamities, victims of historical or contemporary wrongs such as
colonialism, slavery and genocide, some committed by our own country, and
victims of domestic injustice associated with race, gender, ethnic identity,
religion or social class. Human rights and
market-oriented development creates the norms and values that explain the
democratic peace. Belief in human rights may make people in democracies
reluctant to go to war, especially against other democracies. Modern civilian welfare programs such as social security are
modeled after veteran’s pensions to replace spending on warfare in our fight
for human survival. The decline in colonialism is also a cause for peace.
5. Nations at war operate on a
deficit and the people tire of the burden and want peace. During the 20th
century industrialized nations invested in social welfare programs
marginalizing military spending to the point where realist theory of military
balance of power was questioned by functionalist and dependency theories of
international relations. In WWII the
military was 34.5% of the GDP and 82.5% of the federal budget. After WWII
the federal government immediately balanced the budget. The Korean War
was fought effortlessly. The deficit did not become significant until the
Vietnam War when it was 3.2% of the GDP in 1968 and 2.4% in 1971. During
the Korean War military spending was 11.7% of the GDP and 57.2% of the federal
budget. During the Vietnam War military spending was 8.9% of the GDP and
43.4% of the federal budget. During Gulf War military spending was 4.5%
of the GDP and 19.8% of federal spending. Currently during the Global War
on Terrorism military spending is 3.9% of the GDP and 19.3% of federal
spending. During the Clinton administration defense spending was kept at
less than $300 billion and the number of active duty troops declined to less
than 1 million and there was peace except for the former Yugoslavia. In
1982 the federal budget deficit exceeded $100 billion, 3.7% of the GDP.
Dramatically increasing military spending caused the deficit to rise as high as
$208 billion in 1983, 6% of the GDP, a post WWII record, and $238 billion in
1986, 5.4% of the GDP. Defense spending increased to $300 billion
in 1989. An effort was made in the 1990s to keep military spending less
than $300 billion and by 1998 the budget deficit was only 0.3% and in 1999 and
2000 there was actually a budget surplus, of $1.8 billion and $87 billion
respectively, the first since 1960. The suicide attacks of 9-11 triggered
the nearly $1 trillion cost of the War against Terror and military spending
increased from $298 billion in 2000 to a high of $721 billion in FY 2011, when
the war supplemental terminate, spending in FY 2012 is projected to go down to
$653 billion.
Department
of Defense Spending 2008-2012 (in millions)
|
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
|
|
Defense – Military OMB |
528,578 |
594,662 |
636,775 |
692,031 |
721,285 |
653,424 |
|
% Change |
5.9% |
12.5% |
7.1% |
8.7% |
4.2% |
-9.4 |
|
DoD Budget Request |
693,000 |
708,000 |
653,000 |
|||
|
DoD Overseas Contingency
Operations |
157,400 |
159,300 |
0 |
|||
|
DoD Lending (Savings) |
172,000 |
195,000 |
200,000 |
0 |
||
|
DoD Revised Budget |
464,775 |
497,031 |
508,000 |
400,000 |
||
|
DoD Savings |
172,000 |
195,000 |
200,000 |
253,424 |
Source: Federal
Budget in Balance FY 2011: Comparison of Bush and Obama HA-28-2-10
6. The Department is one of the
largest organizations in the world. It executes a budget more than twice that
of the world’s largest corporation, has more personnel than the populations of
a third of the world’s countries, and provides medical care for as many patients
as the largest health management organization. Its FY 2006 financial
statements included $1.4 trillion in assets and nearly $2 trillion in
liabilities. The Military Retirement Fund accounts for 15 percent of the
Department-wide assets and 49 percent of the liabilities. The size ($712.1
billion for FY 2011) and complexity of the Defense budget—i.e., $548.9 billion
of discretionary base budget authority (BA), $3.9 billion in mandatory base BA,
and $159.3 billion of discretionary BA for overseas contingency operations
(OCO). The FY 2011 budget includes an increase of 1.4 percent for
military basic pay. The number of soldiers is expected to increase from
1.32 million in 2010 to 1.4 million in 2011, plus 845,000 reserves. The request
supports average U.S. troop levels of Afghanistan: 102,000; Iraq: 43,000; for a
total of 145,000. The FY 2011 budget includes $50.7 billion for the DoD Unified Medical Budget. During FY 2006, the
Department made over $700 billion in payments to individuals and a variety of
other entities. In the 2007 defense budget was spent as follows: $111
billion (about 25 percent) on the pay and benefits of 1.4 million active duty
and 800,000 selected or ready reserve military personnel. (The pay of a
reservist who is mobilized or called to active duty, as 400, 000 have been
since September 11, is funded in the supplemental appropriation ending in FY
2011.) The Pentagon spends $154 billion or 33 percent of its budget on routine
operating and maintenance costs for its 21 Army and Marine active and reserve
ground divisions, 11 Navy Carrier battle groups, and 31 Air Force, Navy and
Marine air wings. Included in this are pay and benefits for 700,000 civilians
employees. Another $174 billion or 38 percent of the budget goes for new
investment. This is broken down into $84 billion for buying new planes and
ships and tanks; $73 billion for doing research and developing and testing new
weapons; and $17 billion for building the facilities for the troops and
equipment. The vast majority of the final 5 percent or $24 billion is spent by
the Department of Energy on maintaining and safeguarding 10,000 nuclear
weapons. An across the board 33 percent spending reduction would work.
25 Nations Receiving US Military Assistance in Excess of $3
million
|
# |
Country |
Military
Assistance |
%
of Total |
Military
Assistance |
# |
Country |
Military
Assistance 2007 |
%
of Total |
Military
Assistance 2015 |
|
1 |
-4,143 |
32% |
-3 |
14 |
-18 |
0.1% |
-3 |
||
|
2 |
-3,642 |
28% |
-50 |
15 |
-16 |
0.1% |
-3 |
||
|
3 |
-2,340 |
18% |
-0 |
16 |
-14 |
0.1% |
-3 |
||
|
4 |
-1,301 |
10% |
-3 |
17 |
-11 |
0.08% |
-3 |
||
|
5 |
-312 |
2.4% |
-3 |
18 |
-11 |
0.08% |
-3 |
||
|
6 |
-254 |
2% |
-0 |
19 |
-10 |
0.08% |
-3 |
||
|
7 |
-211 |
1.6% |
-3 |
20 |
-9 |
0.07% |
-3 |
||
|
8 |
-112 |
0.9% |
-50 |
21 |
-9 |
0.07% |
-3 |
||
|
9 |
-87 |
0.7% |
-3 |
22 |
-5 |
0.03% |
-3 |
||
|
10 |
-56 |
0.4% |
-20 |
23 |
-4 |
0.03% |
-3 |
||
|
11 |
-43 |
0.3% |
-3 |
24 |
-4 |
0.03% |
-3 |
||
|
12 |
-31 |
0.2% |
-3 |
25 |
-4 |
0.03% |
-3 |
||
|
13 |
-24 |
0.2% |
-3 |
0 |
13,025 |
100% |
211 |
Source:
Empirical US Foreign Assistance Statistics at
the Close of the American Imperial Century: An Act to Secure a Voluntary 1 percent ODA Tax on
Income HA-31-9-10
7. The Department administrates an estimated $50-$100 billion abroad annually to support US military bases and foreign military assistance, not including war time surges. In 2005 the US Military had around 737 bases in 63 countries. Brand new military bases have been built since September 11, 2001 in seven countries. In total, there are normally 255,065 US military personnel deployed abroad, not including war time surges, with a total of 845,441 different buildings and equipment. The Department is authorized to administrate only $800 million of foreign military assistance every year under law on the stipulation that; No defense articles shall be furnished on a grant basis to any country at a cost in excess of $3,000,000 whereby defense articles under the Arms Export Control Act will not get into the hands of people who are not employed by the government and that defense stockpiles are kept at US bases and value less than $50 million. The primary distinction between military assistance and deployment overseas is that foreign military assistance is given as a grant or loan to the government of a foreign nation for the development of their self-defense capabilities. At $13,025 million in 2007 the US clearly administrates more than the $800 million limit on foreign military assistance. Afghanistan with $3,642 million, 28 percent of the $13,025 million total, and Iraq with $4,143 million, 32 percent of the total, are the primary recipients of US foreign military assistance. US foreign military assistance to Israeli, Egypt and Jordan has triggered an arms race and at $2,340 million for Israeli, 18 percent of total military assistance, $1,301 million for Egypt, 10 percent, and $211 million for Jordan, 1.6 percent, is ridiculously high and needs to be terminated in recognition of human rights abuses in those countries. Military finance to Pakistan valued at $312 million, 2.4 percent of the total, needs to be eliminated whereas it is unpopular and subversive in a powder keg nation recovering from Islamist totalitarianism and human rights abuses. Military assistance to Sudan, valued at $254 million, 2 percent of 2997 disbursement, is controversial but seems to have been successful in establishing a tenuous peace. Besides some scattered finance in Russia $112 million, Columbia $87 million, Philippines $43 million, US foreign military finance is otherwise not a very big deal. Russia does pretty well disarming their nuclear arsenal in cooperation with the US but should divide their focus to prohibit the biological and chemical weapons that are shortening the male life expectancy to 50 years. Columbia needs to end its drug war and should legalize indigenous coca growing, like the Afghan Opium Agency.
8. Winning the peace in the Middle East and Central Asia (MECA), or at least the sincere termination of imperial intervention, is necessary before African Command may begin their humanitarian mission to the world’s most war ravaged continent. Africa has seen 186 coups d'etat and 26 major wars in the past 50 years, about half of global military conflicts. Some 2.8 million refugees and fully half of the world's 24.6 million internally displaced people are victims of conflict and upheaval in Africa. When the United States begins to defend Africa equally, it is reasonable to expect the improved aim of foreign military assistance will dramatically decrease incidence of war, domestic violence and disease on that continent. The law of diminishing returns assures us that effective and rational use of military resources in Africa where most of the statistical violence and disease is, will result in a proportionally large decrease in violence around the world. A reduction in overall violence will result in a reduction in overall demand for US military investment and intervention. More efficient use of international human resources will inspire a more balanced and temperant use of military resources; a reduction in the global demand for military spending, a valuing of humanitarian assistance as official development assistance, an economic recovery and without the cost of war, a chance for a balanced budget. For peace in the Middle East and Central Asia there are two public works needed. First, the fulfillment of Arafat’s Constitution, the Supreme Court, must be constituted. Second, a mountain highway connecting Afghanistan and Pakistan should be constructed in exchange for the transfer of the Pashtun northern region of Pakistan, to Afghanistan in resolution of the Durand Line of 1893, unresolved when Pakistan was created in 1947. The popular revolutions in North Africa inspire the United States to make a graceful exit from a decade of war, assured the sovereign people of Islamic countries will govern themselves more democratically in the future.
9.
President Barack H, Obama accepted the Nobel Peace Prize on December 10, 2009
for his vision of a nuclear weapon free world and his struggle to make friends
rather than enemies. We hope the United States will capitalize upon the
spirit of this award to make peace, stay at peace and begin to correct the war
criminals of the previous administration.
Peace is a state of harmony, defined as the absence of hostility. While
the economy may be elusive peace is a legitimate objective. The
traditional political definition of peace and the very word itself originated
among the ancient Romans who defined peace, pax, as absentia
belli, the absence of war. This term is applied to describe a cessation
of or lapse in violent international conflict; in this international context,
peace is the opposite of war. The concept of peace also applies to the
state of people within their respective geopolitical entities, as civil war,
state-sponsored genocide, terrorism, and other violence are all threats to
peace. Peace can also describe a relationship between any parties characterized
by respect, justice, and goodwill. The democratic peace theory, liberal
peace theory, is a theory and related empirical research which holds that
democracies - usually, liberal democracies - never or almost never go to war
with one another, and that systematic violence is in general less common within
democracies. Studies show that
democratic states are more likely than autocratic states to win the wars. Market-oriented development creates the norms
and values that explain the democratic peace. When opportunities to contract in
the market are widespread, as in market-oriented developed countries, a culture
of contracting emerges that encourages shared respect for individualism,
negotiations, compromise, respect for the law, and equality before the law.
Constrained by voters, democratically elected leaders in market-oriented
developed countries abide by these norms. Mahatma Gandhi's conception of peace
was not as an end, but as a means: "There is no way to peace; peace is the
way."
10. The United
States takes care of its veterans more than any other nation. Veterans are citizens who have performed the
task of making peace, laying down their arms to receive the benefits of
freedom. As early as 1799, contributions
of 20 cents per month were taken from every active duty member for the relief
of seamen in the service. In 2006, there were an estimated 24,000,000
living US veterans. 7.8 percent of the total estimated resident population of
the United States and Puerto Rico are recipients, or potential recipients, of
veterans' benefits from the Federal Government. For FY 2008, it was
estimated that 5,800,000 veterans sought medical care from the Federal
Government, and that 2,800,000 veterans will receive compensation for
service-related conditions. Being a
peace loving civilian is not always easy.
Although Army and Naval Hospitals were constructed shortly after the
Naval Hospital Act of 1811 it was not until a Supreme Court case and thirty
years that the Armed Forces Retirement Home was constructed. When US soldiers
serves 90 days in a war, or hostile fire in any declared or undeclared military
action he or she become eligible for retirement benefits usually reserved for
people who served 20 years or more in active service. Veterans pensions
are between $3,000 and $6,000 a year.
They are intended to supplement income from employment and other pension
programs, primarily Social Security Disability and Retirement insurance. The
GI Bill offers 1 ½ college tuition for every month
served in a war on the condition that they remain registered with the Selective
Reserves and offers $400 a month per approved class.
Sanders, Tony J. Chapter 1 Military
Democracy. Hospitals & Asylums. 9th
Draft. 158 pgs. HA-20-5-11 www.title24uscode.org/MD.doc
Test Questions www.title24uscode.org/mdtest.doc