Hospitals & Asylums
State Mental
Institution Library Education (SMILE)
To supplement Chapter 4 Saint Elizabeth’s Hospital. 71 million students were
enrolled in the US in the 2016-2017 school year. The US spent 6.2% of its GDP
on education in 2014, this remains the second highest rate in the world, due to
hyperinflation in higher education. Thanks to State funding, Congress may
sustain normal 3.5% of GDP (2014) OECD elementary and secondary education
spending, with 3% annual federal spending growth from CR 18. $788 billion total
elementary and secondary school funding 2017-2018 divided by 55.7 million
pupils equals $14,147 per pupil enrolled in public, charter or private school,
excluding 1.7 million children homeschooled. Although 50% recovered from the
recession, public K-12 teachers and other school workers have decreased by
-135,000 since 2008, while the number of students has risen by 1,419,000
in 2015. Total elementary and secondary enrollment is underestimated to
increase 2% between fall 2016 and fall 2026, when enrollment is expected to
reach 56.8 million, but continuation of stable 0.4% average annual growth
2012-2016 would increase the population 4% to 57.9 million. State employees, to
get better than $200 a month disability, and the rich, to end child poverty by
2020 and all poverty by 2030, must begin paying the full 12.4% OASDI payroll
tax, with due process of obsolete Title I of the Social Security Act. 3% annual
growth for elementary and secondary school education budget is the way to avoid
the higher average cost of Art. 50 of the Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to
the Protection of Civilians in Times of War of 1949. A Bachelor degree is
required to eliminate recidivism for all law enforcement officers, voluntary or
mandatory. To reduce unemployment in law school graduates, satisfied with the
jury of public defenders, the plan is to include 4-20 week police and correctional
academies in the three-year law school curriculum. The cost of higher education
in the United States is the second highest in the world, 2.5% of the GDP. 1.5%
of GDP higher education spending is considered normal, for the purpose of
sustaining normal 5% of GDP education spending. As of 2011, when the US ceased
paying UNESCO dues to discrimination against Palestine, the $6,750 average
annual loan, is no longer enough to afford the tuition at public institutions, charging
an average of $7,380 a year in tuition 2015-2016 up from $6,003 in 2010-2011. Enrollment
in higher education has decreased by -7% between 2010 and 2016 from 18.1
million to 16.9 million students. Tuition prices at public universities must be
reduced to increase enrollment, and pocket money, without raising the Student
loan amount more than 2.7% annually. Congress must exclude [revenues], [student
loan savings], [collections], [$100 billion program level] and [mandatory funds
for discretionary programs], from the President's budget total under 2USC§661c.
Student loans and other federal loan programs open to private investment.
University Presidents to invest excessive compensation in student loans with a
20% grant component, including 11.5% default rate. Congress must enact a real 1
cent per dollar subsidy - $1 billion of defaulted student loan forgiveness per
year.
1st Ed. Aug. 2004, 2nd May 2005
3rd 28 Feb. 2007, 4th 31 July 2007, 5th 20
April 2009, 6th 16 March 2011, 7th 7 March 2013, 8th
7 April 2015, 9th 27 March 2016, 10th 11 April 2017, 11th
20 December 2018
1. This chapter supplements Title 24
USC Chapter 4 St. Elizabeth’s Hospital §161-230. The ceremonial purpose is for the Education Department (ED) to host the
graduation of US Customs from the Department of Homeland Security (HS),
Military Department (MD) from Department of Defense (DoD) and Public Health
Department from Health and Human Services (HHS). The
original Department of Education was created in 1867 to collect information on
schools and teaching that would help the States establish effective school
systems. President Jimmy Carter signed a law enacted by Congress that
created the US Department of Education - the Department of Education.
Organization Act P.L 96 -88 on October 17 1979 under 20USC§3401. Its mission is
to promote student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness by
fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access. Ronald Reagan proposed to abolish the
Department of Education in the 1980 election, however, by the end of 1982, it
was decided that ED would continue to exist. ED's staff of 4,169, is nearly 45%
below the 7,528 employees who administered Federal education programs in
several different agencies in 1980 when the Department was founded. Signaling
his intention to become an education activist, presidential candidate George W.
Bush had to lobby to remove a plank calling for the elimination of ED from the
2000 Republican platform. President Donald Trump's proposed education budget
cuts must be overturned a second time by a Democratic victory in the midterm
elections for the attitude not in accordance with Art. 50 of the Fourth Geneva
Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilians in Times of War of 1949 and Case Concerning the Factory of
Chorzow Permanent
Court of Justice A. No. 9 (1927). In terms of the percentage
of the gross domestic product (GDP) spent on education, at 6.2% the United
States trailed Canada, Denmark, Iceland, the Republic of Korea and the United
Kingdom in 2014. Thanks to the generosity of States, Congress may sustain
normal 3.5% of GDP (2014) OECD elementary and secondary education spending,
with 3% annual federal spending growth from CR 18. Total elementary and
secondary enrollment is underestimated by the National Center for Education
Statistics to increase 2% between fall 2016 and fall 2026, when enrollment is
expected to reach 56.8 million, but continuation of stable 0.4% average annual
growth 2012-2016 would increase the population 4% to 57.9 million, by the end
of the same decade. To stabilize federal elementary and secondary school funding
to remain competitive and be right, rather than low or high, at current rates
of inflation, 3% annual growth for elementary and secondary school education
budget is the only way to avoid the higher average cost of disputing Art. 50 of
the Fourth Geneva Convention. The cost of higher education in the United States
is the second highest in the world, 2.5% of the GDP, even after excluding
research funding. 1.5% of GDP higher education spending could be considered
normal, for the purpose of sustaining normal 5% of GDP education spending. As
of 2011, when the United States ceased paying United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) dues to discrimination against
Palestine, the $6,750 annually, for a $27,000 four-year degree, Stafford
Student Loans, are no longer enough to afford the tuition at highly subsidized
public institutions, that are charging an average of $7,380 a year in tuition
2015-2016 up from $6,003 in 2010-2011. As a consequence, enrollment in higher
education in the United States decreased by 7% between 2010 and 2016 (from 18.1
million to 16.9 million students). Furthermore, Congress must exclude [$100
billion] student loan program, revenues, collections, mandatory funds used for
discretionary programs in brackets from the mandatory programs subtotal and
cease pretending to partially subsidize the deferment of interest while
attending an institution 10 cents to the dollar, and actually subsidize 1 cent
per dollar, $1 billion of total student loan forgiveness per year.
Total Elementary and Secondary
Education Spending 2014-2020
|
Level of Funds |
2014-15 billions
|
2014-15 percent |
2015-16 billions
|
2015-16 percent |
2016-2017 billions |
2016-2017 percent |
2017-2018 billions |
2017-2018 percent |
2018-2019 billions |
2018-2019 percent |
2019- 2020 billions |
2019- 2020 percent |
|
Federal |
$57.0 |
8.2% |
$60.0 |
8.3% |
$57.0 |
7.5% |
$57.0 |
7.2% |
58.7 |
7.2% |
60.5 |
7.2% |
|
State |
292.0 |
42.0 |
302.0 |
42.0 |
327.0 |
43.0 |
340.0 |
43.2% |
350.2 |
43.1 |
360.7 |
43.1 |
|
Local |
284.0 |
40.8 |
292.0 |
40.7 |
303.0 |
39.9 |
316.0 |
40.1 |
325.5 |
40.1 |
335.2 |
40.1 |
|
All Other |
63.0 |
9.0 |
64.0 |
8.9 |
73.0 |
9.6 |
75.0 |
9.5 |
77.3 |
9.5 |
79.6 |
9.5 |
|
Total |
696.0 |
100.0 |
718.0 |
100.0 |
759.0 |
100.0 |
788.0 |
100.0 |
811.7 |
100.0 |
836 |
100.0 |
Source: ED FY 2017 & FY 2019 Budgets
Appendix 4 Total Expenditures for Elementary and Secondary Education in the
U.S.
2. On average, 47% of school revenues in the United States come
from state funds. Local governments provide another 45%; the rest comes from
the federal government. In response to federal budget cuts states have
increased spending from 42% to 43% while federal spending declines from 8% to
7% and local funds from 41% to 40%. Because of the generosity of states, the
federal government does not owe arrears for actual damages, provided ED
elementary and secondary school spending begins to increase 3% annually CR 18
to CR 19 to sustain local support of 3% economic growth and 0.4% annual
enrollment growth, rather than 0.2% anticipated by federal underestimates.
Total K-12 federal, state, and local spending for Education, both public and
private, climbed from $420 billion for the 2000-2001 school year to $788
billion for the 2018-2019 school year, 4.9% average annual growth. In 2014, the
U.S. spent an average of $12,157 per student on elementary and secondary
education, over 30% more than the OECD average of $9,419. While the number of
public K-12 teachers and other school workers has fallen by 135,000 since 2008,
the number of students has risen by 1,419,000 in 2015. After a long time
as the second highest education spender, several countries outspent the U.S. on
elementary and secondary education, including Austria, Switzerland, Norway and
Luxembourg, which spent $21,595 per full-time student in 2014. In the 2017-
2018 school year $788 billion total elementary and secondary school funding
divided by 55.7 million pupils equals $14,147 per pupil enrolled public,
private or charter school, excluding 1.7 million children homeschooled. Total
elementary and secondary enrollment is underestimated by the National Center
for Education Statistics to increase 2% between fall 2016 and fall 2026, when
enrollment is expected to reach 56.8 million, but continuation of stable 0.4%
average annual growth 2012-2016 would increase the population 4% to 57.9
million, by the end of the same decade. Thanks to the generosity of States,
Congress may sustain normal 3.5% of GDP (2014) OECD elementary and secondary
education spending, with 3% annual federal spending growth from CR 18. States cut K-12 funding as a result of the
2007-09 recession. Most states cut school funding after the recession hit, and
it took years for states to restore their funding to pre-recession levels.
Local funding still hadn’t fully recovered in 2015, leaving total state and
local K-12 funding per student still well below pre-recession levels as of that
school year. School districts began cutting teachers and other employees in
mid-2008 when the first round of budget cuts took effect. By mid-2012, local
school districts had cut 351,000 jobs. Since then some of the jobs have been
restored, but the number is still down 135,000 jobs compared with 2008. States
are highly recommended to contribute either the unadjusted 1.8% DI and 10.6%
OASI or 2.1% DI 10.3% OASI adjusted rate of their payroll to ensure state
workers, including former workers under retirement age, receive at least $200
more than federal disability insurance benefits every month under Titles I and
II of the Social Security Act. While the number of public K-12 teachers and
other school workers has fallen by 135,000 since 2008, the number of students
has risen by 1,419,000 in 2015. Average class size has increased from
1:16 to 1:20. 3.5% of GDP elementary and secondary school spending is the OECD
average and no defense of the extra costs of school buses and American football
is needed. Education stabilizes at 3% economic growth. Provided that CR 19 is
3% more than CR 18, and CR 20 3% more than CR 19, there should be no need for
the federal government to pay education any arrears under Art. 19 of the United
Nations Charter, but those due UNESCO and Palestine under Art. 50 and 147 of
the Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilians in the
Times of War of 1949.
Higher
Education Spending Total 2011-2016
(millions)
|
2011-2012 |
2012-2013 |
2013-2014 |
2014-2015 |
2015-2016 |
|
|
Public
Institutions |
317,289 |
327,934 |
353,100 |
346,813 |
364,391 |
|
Private
Non-Profit |
161,843 |
202,042 |
228,807 |
200,396 |
182,575 |
|
Private
For-Profit |
26,923 |
24,762 |
22,646 |
19,666 |
17,059 |
|
Total, Higher
Education |
506,055 |
554,738 |
604,553 |
566,875 |
564,025 |
Source: National Center for Education Statistics
3. The cost of higher education in the United States is the second highest in
the world, 2.5% of the GDP, even after excluding research funding. 1.5% of GDP
higher education spending could be considered normal. Enrollment in higher
education in the United States decreased by 7% between 2010 and 2016 (from 18.1
million to 16.9 million students). The National Center for Education Statistics
(NCES) projects undergraduate enrollment to increase by 3% (from 16.9 million
to 17.4 million students) between 2016 and 2027 without justifying a reversal
in trends. After peaking in 2010, enrollment at private for-profit institutions
decreased by -47% (from 1.7 million to 915,000 students) between 2010 and 2016.
During this period, enrollment at public institutions decreased by -4% (from
13.7 million to 13.1 million students), while enrollment at private nonprofit
institutions increased by 6% (from 2.7 million to 2.8 million students). The
reason for the decline in higher education enrollment is because that at a
maximum of $6,750 annually, for a $27,000 four-year degree, Stafford Student
Loans, are no longer enough to afford the tuition at highly subsidized public
institutions, that are charging an average of $7,380 a year in tuition
2015-2016 up from $6,003 in 2010-2011. Student loans are no longer enough for
public institution tuition, but public institutions cost less than either
private-for-profit colleges despite a reduction in tuition 2015-2016 or high
priced private-non-profit universities. Between 2010–11 and 2015–16, revenues
from tuition and fees per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student increased by 23%,
4.6% average annual rate, at public institutions (from $6,003 to $7,380 in
constant 2016–17 dollars) and by 7%, 1.4% average annual rate, at private
nonprofit institutions (from $20,071 to $21,394). At private for-profit
institutions, revenues from tuition and fees per FTE student were -5%, -1%
average annual rate, lower in 2015–16 than in 2010–11 ($15,806 vs. $16,698). Tuition at public
institutions must go down to a level below the average $6,750 (2018) Stafford
Loan limit, if either federal subsidies or enrollment in higher education, can
be expected to increase. To be fair the Stafford student loan limit must increase
3% annually. Revenues per FTE student from government sources were 32% lower in
2015–16 ($783) than in 2010–11 ($1,155) at private for-profit institutions and
14% lower in 2015–16 ($7,600) than in 2010–11 ($8,849) at private nonprofit
institutions. At public institutions, revenues per FTE student from government
sources were similar in 2015–16 ($14,959) and in 2010–11 ($14,926). For $12,000
+ 3% annual growth per capita subsidy from the federal, state and local
governments private-for-profit universities could theoretically charge
undergraduate students tuition $5,000 a year, that could be afforded with the
current $6,750 annual Stafford student loan. Congress must stabilize the
education budget by excluding [student loans savings, revenues, collections and
mandatory funds used for discretionary programs in brackets] from the
President's budget beginning FY 17 under 2USC§661c. Congress may abolish the 10
cent per dollar student loan subsidy by limiting new
loans to receipts. For student loan and other lending programs, authorized by
Congress and administered by the Treasury, to avoid distorting the budget, the
plan is to open the 11% student loan default rate of the current statutory $100
billion federal limit on new federal student loans to private investment,
including the excessive compensation of some university presidents, in student
loans with a 20% grant component, aiming to reduce the price of tuition.
Federal
Education Department, Total Outlays FY 17 – FY 20
(millions)
|
Program |
FY 17 |
FY 18 request |
FY 18 CR |
FY 18 3% |
FY 19 request |
FY 19 3% |
FY 20 3% |
|
Total Outlays |
73,900 |
78,941 |
73,942 |
76,117 |
67,582 |
78,188 |
80,534 |
|
Discretionary Outlays |
68,066 |
62,889 |
67,890 |
70,108 |
61,439 |
71,999 |
74,159 |
|
Total
Mandatory Outlays |
5,834 |
6,052 |
6,052 |
6,009 |
6,143 |
6,189 |
6,375 |
|
Total Outlays |
73,900 |
78,941 |
73,942 |
76,117 |
67,582 |
78,188 |
80,534 |
|
Advance Appropriations |
(22,444) |
(22,597) |
(22,597) |
(22,597) |
(22,597) |
(24,024) |
(24,624) |
Source: Education Department Budget FY 17, FY 18 &
F Y19; Gonzalez, Heather B.; Tollestrup, Jessica. Department of Education Funding: Key
Concepts and FAQ. Congressional Research Service. April 22, 2016. Advance
Appropriations = Undistributed Offsetting Receipts.
4. Key programs
administered by the Department include Title I of the Elementary and Secondary
Education Act (ESEA), for which the Department’s fiscal year 2019 request would
provide $15.5 billion to help approximately 25 million students in high-poverty
schools make progress toward State academic standards; and $12 billion for the
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Part B Grants to States to help
States and school districts meet the special education needs of 6.9 million
students with disabilities. Key programs also include Federal Pell Grants,
which would make available $30.2 billion in need-based grants to 7.6 million
students enrolled in postsecondary institutions; and the postsecondary student
loan programs, which would help provide roughly $151 billion in new and
consolidated Direct Loans to help students and families pay for college. CR 18
has redressed most of the President's attempted budget cuts without fully
funding the 3% education spending growth rule. To compensate agencies for
having to defend themselves against unwarranted budget cuts FY 18 and FY 19
budgets are re-estimated at 3% growth from FY 17. 3% annual growth in education spending is the
rule. ED must do seven things. (a)
Sustain 3.5% of GDP elementary and secondary education spending with 3% annual
spending growth from CR 18. (b) Bankroll teachers and other contributors to
state retirement programs under Title I to pay social security disability
insurance under Title II of the Social Security Act so that they and the rich
would contribute 12.4% of their income to the OASDI payroll tax. $200 a month
basic disability discriminates against underinsured state employees due a
disability commensurate with their payroll tax contribution. (c) Require
that academy trained officers attain at least a Bachelor degree for employment
as law enforcement and corrections officers. (d)
Ensure the State Department compensates $1 billion to the United Nations
Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) for $550 million
arrears since 2011 and $85.7 million dues, 3% annual growth therefrom, and $450
million program level for Palestine UN Relief and Works Administration (UNRWA)
under Art. 19 of the UN Charter FY 19. (e) Exclude [revenues], [student
loan savings], [$100 billion program level] and [mandatory funds for
discretionary programs], in brackets from the President's budget, to comply
with the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990 under 2USC§661c. (f) Open student loans to private investment and
direct university Presidents to invest excessive compensation in student
loans with a 20% grant component to secure private investment, to sustain [$100
billion federal student loan program level]. (g) Reduce tuition prices at
public universities to increase enrollment, and pocket money, without raising
the Student loan amount more than 2.7% annually.Congress
must do four things, one of which is to amend three laws that bait enforcement
to sustain the high male librarian and patron crime victimization rate. (a) Exclude [revenues], [student loan savings],
[collections], [$100 billion program level] and [mandatory funds for
discretionary programs], from the President's budget total under 2USC§661c. (b)
Open student loans and other federal loan programs open to private investment
in student loans beginning with the excessive compensation of University
Presidents, with a 20% grant component, including the 11.5% default rate. (c)
Cease to sustain the historical belief that the interest deferment on Stafford
Subsidized Loan is a 10 cent per dollar subsidy and enact a real 1 cent per
dollar subsidy - $1 billion of defaulted student loan forgiveness per year. (d)
Repeal the word 'enforcement' from (i) the caption of
Part 1200 so that it states, Nondiscrimination on the basis of Handicap in
programs or activities conducted by the National Council on Disability under
34CFR§1200.170, (ii) 'enforcement of Section 111' at 20USC§112 needs to be
repealed and (iii) replace General Definitions at 20USC§9101(1) with (1) No
stalking in the library 18USC§2261A(2) to enable public and college library wifi to download music and movies, including pornography,
while blocking these sites from elementary and secondary schools, until there
is an age appropriate movie download site. Public and college libraries are
highly encouraged to discourage unauthorized access to computers by using
anonymous encrypted wifi that cannot be used for
desktop or GPS surveillance.
Education Department, Discretionary
Budget FY 17 – FY 20
(thousands)
|
FY 17 |
CR 18 |
FY 18 3% |
FY 19
President's Budget |
FY 19 3% |
FY 20 3% |
|
|
Total,
Discretionary Appropriation |
68,065,700 |
67,889,967 |
70,107,710 |
61,439,322 |
71,998,845 |
74,158,630 |
|
Elementary and
Secondary Education (ESEA) |
||||||
|
Title I Grants
to local educational agencies |
15,366,180 |
15,428,437 |
15,827,165 |
15,459,802 |
16,301,980 |
16,791,040 |
|
Opportunity
Grants (proposed legislation) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
500,000 |
0 |
0 |
|
Education
innovation and research |
100,000 |
99,320 |
103,000 |
180,000 |
106,000 |
109,000 |
|
Supporting
Effective Educator Development (SEED) |
65,000 |
64,559 |
66,950 |
0 |
68,959 |
71,027 |
|
State
assessments |
369,100 |
366,593 |
380,173 |
369,100 |
391,578 |
403,325 |
|
Student support
and academic enrichment grans (Title IV-A) |
400,000 |
397,284 |
412,000 |
0 |
424,360 |
437,091 |
|
Supporting
effective instruction State grants (Title II) |
2,044,411 |
2,053,287 |
2,105,743 |
0 |
2,168,916 |
2,233,983 |
|
Teacher and
school leaders incentive grants |
200,0000 |
198,642 |
206,000 |
0 |
212 |
219 |
|
School leader
recruitment and support |
14,500 |
14,402 |
14,935 |
0 |
15,382 |
15,845 |
|
Charter schools |
342,172 |
339,848 |
352,437 |
500,000 |
363,010 |
373,901 |
|
Magnet schools assistance |
97,647 |
96,984 |
100,576 |
97,647 |
103,594 |
106,702 |
|
Promise
Neighborhoods |
73,254 |
72,757 |
75,452 |
0 |
77,715 |
80,047 |
|
School safety
national activities |
68,000 |
67,538 |
70,040 |
43,000 |
72,141 |
74,305 |
|
21st
century (after school) community learning centers |
1,191,673 |
1,183,580 |
1,227,423 |
0 |
1,264,246 |
1,302,173 |
|
English language
acquisition |
737,400 |
732,392 |
759,522 |
737,400 |
782,308 |
805,777 |
|
Impact aid |
1,328,603 |
1,319,581 |
1,368,461 |
734,557 |
1,409,515 |
1,451,800 |
|
Other ESEA
Programs |
1,124,250 |
1,116,615 |
1,157,978 |
763,144 |
1,192,717 |
1,228,498 |
|
Subtotal ESEA |
23,542,190 |
23,551,819 |
24,227,855 |
19,384,650 |
24,742,633 |
25,484,733 |
|
Special
Education (IDEA) |
||||||
|
Grants to States
(Part B) |
11,939,805 |
11,984,380 |
12,297,999 |
12,002,846 |
12,666,939 |
13,046,947 |
|
Preschool Grants
and Grants for infant and families |
826,794 |
821,179 |
851,598 |
826,794 |
877,146 |
903,460 |
|
Other IDEA
programs |
222,133 |
220,624 |
228,797 |
222,133 |
235,661 |
242,731 |
|
Subtotal, IDEA |
12,988,732 |
13,026,183 |
13,378,394 |
13,051,775 |
13,779,746 |
14,193,138 |
|
Subtotal, ESEA
and IDEA |
36,530,922 |
36,578,002 |
37,606,249 |
32,436,425 |
38,522,379 |
39,677,871 |
|
Career and
technical education |
1,119,647 |
1,122,751 |
1,153,236 |
1,137,598 |
1,187,834 |
1,223,469 |
|
Other P-12
programs |
232,911 |
231,329 |
239,898 |
170,328 |
247,095 |
254,508 |
|
Subtotal,
Elementary/Secondary Education |
37,883,480 |
37,932,082 |
38,999,383 |
33,744,351 |
39,957,308 |
41,155,848 |
|
Postsecondary
Education |
||||||
|
Federal Pell
grants (discretionary only) |
22,475,352 |
22,322,722 |
23,149,613 |
22,475,352 |
23,844,101 |
24,559,424 |
|
Other student
financial assistance programs |
1,722,858 |
1,711,158 |
1,774,544 |
200,000 |
1,827,780 |
1,882,614 |
|
Consolidated MSI
Grant (proposed legislation |
0 |
0 |
0 |
147,906 |
0 |
0 |
|
TRIO |
950,000 |
943,549 |
978,500 |
550,000 |
1,007,855 |
1,038,091 |
|
Other
postsecondary education programs |
1,518,551 |
1,508,237 |
1,564,108 |
801,054 |
1,611,031 |
1,659,362 |
|
Subtotal,
Postsecondary Education |
26,666,761 |
26,485,666 |
27,466,765 |
24,174,312 |
28,290,767 |
29,139,491 |
|
Adult Education |
595,667 |
591,622 |
613,537 |
499,561 |
631,943 |
650,901 |
|
Research,
development and dissemination |
187,500 |
186,227 |
193,125 |
187,500 |
198,919 |
204,886 |
|
Statistics |
109,500 |
108,756 |
112,785 |
112,500 |
116,169 |
119,654 |
|
National
Assessment of Education Progress |
149,000 |
108,756 |
153,470 |
112,500 |
158,074 |
162,816 |
|
Statewide
longitudinal data systems |
32,281 |
32,062 |
33,249 |
0 |
34,247 |
35,274 |
|
Departmental
management (SSA, Program Admin, OCR, OIG) |
2,176,610 |
2,161,829 |
2,241,908 |
2,402,113 |
2,309,166 |
2,378,441 |
|
Other programs
and activities |
284,901 |
282,967 |
293,488 |
206,487 |
302,252 |
311,319 |
|
Subtotal, Other
Discretionary |
3,535,459 |
3,472,219 |
3,641,562 |
3,520,661 |
3,750,770 |
3,83,291 |
|
Total,
Discretionary Appropriation |
68,065,700 |
67,889,967 |
70,107,710 |
61,439,322 |
71,998,845 |
74,158,630 |
Source: Source: ED FY 19
5. Most of the
Department’s 120-plus programs are funded through discretionary appropriation
acts enacted each fiscal year. However, there are many education programs—some
of them large—that are funded directly through their authorizing statutes. For
many budgeting purposes, these programs are classified as mandatory. The Direct
Loan program is the largest mandatory program in the Department. The Direct
Loan program will make an estimated $115 billion in loans to postsecondary
students and their families in fiscal year 2012. However, the appropriation for
these loans is not $115 billion. Instead, under the Credit Reform Act, the
appropriation is the amount necessary to subsidize the loan volume for the life
of the cohort of loans made in the fiscal year, and the subsidy costs are
discounted using a net present value calculation. In 2012, these subsidy costs
include the Government’s cost of obtaining $115 billion, the cost to defray the
in-school interest for needy undergraduates, an allowance for defaults, and
other factors. These are offset by collections of fees, interest, and principal
repayments. In some years, after reflecting the time value of money, or the “re-estimate,”
of prior year loans required by the Credit Reform Act, the estimated receipts
exceed the cost of the subsidizing the loans. When added together with other
mandatory programs, the negative appropriations from the estimated receipts for
student loans produce Department totals that appear to understate the annual
appropriations for discretionary and mandatory programs. For example, in 2011
and 2013, the mandatory appropriation total for the Department is projected to
be negative. The 2012 appropriation would also be negative except that the
budget assumes enactment of the American Jobs Act. Under this proposal, the
Department would receive $61.6 billion in mandatory funds in 2012. Other mandatory
programs include Vocational Rehabilitation State Grants, a portion of Pell
Grants, and a variety of smaller programs and activities. The mandatory funding
for Pell Grants comes from several laws, including SAFRA, the Budget Control
Act of 2011, and appropriation acts. Some of the mandatory Pell Grant funding
is specified in these laws, and some fluctuates based on inflation and program
participation. Fascination with the Pell Grant only serves to distract
decision-makers from amortizing student loans so that it would be possible to
make an accurate estimate regarding the next fiscal year. To stabilize the education
budget the President and Congress must agree to exclude student loan subsidies
and revenues. Congress may abolish the 10 cent per
dollar student loan subsidy by limiting new loans to receipts. For student loan
and other lending programs, authorized by Congress and administered by the Treasury,
to avoid distorting the budget, the plan is to open the 11% student loan
default rate of the current statutory $100 billion federal limit on new federal
student loans to private investment, including the excessive compensation of
some university presidents, in student loans with a 20% grant component, aiming
to reduce the price of tuition. To be fair Congress must untie their subsidy
from interest deferment of the subsidized Stafford Loan. The practice of
interest deferment should be continued at current rates of individual loan
portfolio diversification as a matter of honor. To redress decades of
misunderstanding of negative subsidies Congress must diversify their massive
subsidies into meaningful lump sum student loan repayment process for witnesses
of moral hazards to a lengthy repayment process. Congress is encouraged to
abolish all subsidies for the federal direct student loan program by opening
the $100 billion new loan level with 6.6% average annual interest rate, 11.5%
default rate and 20% total grant component authorized to private investment
under 2USC§661c. Several billion dollars could surely be secured by Act of
Congress, from the excessive compensation of university presidents, for the
initial public offering of Federal Student Aid (FSA) to investors pleased with
the 20% grant, collections and default component and modest interest income
they might earn from student loans. To do decades of accounting errors
regarding negative subsidies justice the ED budget is advised amortize the
student loan subsidy at $1 billion annually, 1 cent rather than 10 cents, to
the dollar subsidy, slightly more than the initial offer of zero, to be spent
on total loan forgiveness, to guarantee the profit margin of the [$100 billion]
federal student loan program for private investors.
Education
Department, Mandatory Budget FY 17 – FY 20
(thousands)
|
Mandatory Programs |
FY 17 |
CR 18 |
FY 18 3% |
FY 19 |
FY 19 3% |
FY 20 |
|
Rehabilitative
Services |
||||||
|
Vocational
rehabilitation State grants |
||||||
|
Grants to States |
3,121,054 |
3,184,849 |
3,214,686 |
3,478,238 |
3,311,126 |
3,410,460 |
|
Grants to
Indians |
43,000 |
40,189 |
44,290 |
43,752 |
45,619 |
46,987 |
|
Subtotal,
Rehabilitative Services |
3,164,054 |
3,225,038 |
3,258,976 |
3,521,990 |
3,356,745 |
3,457,477 |
|
Higher Education |
||||||
|
Aid for
institutional development |
144,305 |
144,770 |
148,634 |
155,000 |
153,093 |
157,686 |
|
Aid for
Hispanic-serving institutions |
93,100 |
93,400 |
95,893 |
100,000 |
98,770 |
101,732 |
|
Subtotal, Higher
Education |
237,405 |
238,170 |
244,527 |
255,000 |
251,863 |
259,418 |
|
Other Mandatory
Accounts |
||||||
|
Contributions |
301 |
171 |
310 |
0 |
319 |
329 |
|
Higher education
facilities loan accounts |
199,397 |
37,778 |
0 |
(1,767) |
0 |
0 |
|
Other Mandatory
Accounts, Subtotal |
199,698 |
37,949 |
310 |
-1,767 |
319 |
329 |
|
Federal Student
Aid (FSA) |
||||||
|
Federal Pell
grants: |
||||||
|
Mandatory Pell
grants |
5,680,400 |
5,977,000 |
5,850,812 |
6,103,000 |
6,026,336 |
6,207,127 |
|
Mandatory
funding for discretionary program costs |
[(1,320,000)] |
[(1,382,000)] |
[(1,360,000)] |
[(1,383,000)] |
[(1,400,388)] |
[(1,442,400)] |
|
Subtotal Pell
Grants |
[7,000,400] |
[7,359,000] |
[7,210,812] |
[7,486,000] |
[7,426,724] |
[7,649,527] |
|
Iraq and
Afghanistan Service rants |
401 |
463 |
413 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
TEACH Grants |
153,342 |
74,947 |
157,942 |
39,931 |
162,681 |
167,561 |
|
Subtotal, Grants
Outlays |
5,834,143 |
6,052,410 |
6,009,167 |
6,142,9321 |
6,189,017 |
6,374,688 |
|
Subtotal, Grants
BA |
[7,154,143] |
[7,434,410] |
[7,369,167] |
[7,525,931] |
[7,589,405] |
[7,817,088] |
|
Student
financial assistance debt collection |
7,966 |
8,557 |
8,557 |
8,557 |
8,771 |
8,990 |
|
Total Mandatory
Outlays |
5,834,143 |
6,052,410 |
6,009,167 |
6,142,931 |
6,189,017 |
6,374,688 |
|
Student Loan
Program Level |
[100,000,000] |
[100,000,000] |
[100,000,000] |
[100,000,000] |
[100,000,000] |
[100,000,000] |
|
New Loans |
[87,000] |
[88,700] |
[88,700] |
[90,500] |
[90,500] |
[92,300] |
|
Repayments |
[67,100,00] |
[69,800,000] |
[69,800,000] |
[72,900,000] |
[72,900,000] |
[76,200,000] |
|
Federal Direct
Student Loans Program Account Savings |
[45,538,407] |
[13,260,980] |
[13,260,980] |
[5,624,786] |
0 |
0 |
|
Federal Family
Education Loans Program Account |
[11,155,845] |
[2,545,960] |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Federal Family
Education Loans Liquidating Account |
[(159,804)] |
[(212,095)] |
0 |
[(186,626)] |
0 |
0 |
|
Health Education
Assistance Loans Liquidating Account |
[(1,718)] |
[(2,000)] |
0 |
[(2,000)] |
0 |
0 |
|
Subtotal, FSA BA |
[63,686,873] |
[23,027,255] |
[7,369,167] |
[12,962,091] |
[7,589,830 |
7,817,526 |
|
General fund
receipts (mostly student loans) |
[19,493,310] |
[27,229,280] |
[27,229,280] |
[14,190,586] |
[14,190,586] |
0 |
|
Net Mandatory BA |
[47,802,686] |
[(692,311)] |
[10,872,980] |
[2,555,285] |
[11,207,528] |
[11,543,710] |
|
Mandatory
Outlays No Loans or Revenues |
5,834,143 |
6,052,410 |
6,009,167 |
6,142,931 |
6,189,017 |
6,374,688 |
Source: ED FY 19
6. Federal Student Aid (FSA’s) accounting
for its loan and loan guarantees is based on the requirements of the Federal
Credit Reform Act of 1990 (FCRA). FCRA has been misinterpreted to estimate a subsidy
cost using the net present value of future cash flows to and from FSA. In
accordance with FSA's misinterpretation of FCRA, credit programs either
estimate a subsidy cost to the government (a “positive” subsidy), breakeven
(zero subsidy cost), or estimate a negative subsidy cost. The President's budget is responsible for
reflecting on program level and cost. Program level must be presented in
brackets, so that it does not add to total outlays, because it is primarily
funded by interest on loan repayments. Cost requires indication as to whether
or not Congress has decided if cost is to born by
program revenues or the General Fund, under 2USC§661c. FSA borrows from
Treasury to provide funding for credit programs for higher education and
subsidies are described as liabilities. FSA borrowed nearly every penny they
lent from the Treasury. As of September 30, 2017, FSA had a net Fund Balance of
about $42.6 billion with the Treasury amounting to $74.0 billion
of which about 42% or $31.4 billion represented general funds, including funds
provided in advance by multiyear appropriations, that must be repaid, as if
they had never occurred. FSA under-reports loan payments from borrowers ($62.6
billion), loan discharges ($4.5 billion), and other adjustments, $67.1. billion
revenues FY 17 on pg. 33. New loans were estimated to cost $94 billion ED FY 17
, but about 7% of new loans don't go through, $87 billion expenses, $67.1
billion revenues and $42.6 billion in savings, for an estimated $23 billion
Fund Balance year end September 30, 2018. The Department of Education operates
two major student loan programs—the Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL)
program and the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan (Direct Loan) program—but
since July 1, 2010, the Department has made new loans only through the Direct
Loan program. Outstanding student loan portfolio was $210 billion for FFEL, $63
billion for ECASLA, and $999 billion for Direct Loans FY 18. Stafford Loans are
subsidized, low-interest loans based on financial need. The Federal Government
pays the interest while the student is in school and during certain grace and
deferment periods. Both students and institutions have become dependent on
student loans as a core source of funding for postsecondary education. In
2013-14, student budgets included at least $112 billion in loans. More than 90%
of these were from federal loan programs, including: $27 billion in subsidized
low-interest loans for undergraduates (the government pays the interest while
students remain enrolled); $56 billion in unsubsidized low-interest loans for
both graduate students and undergraduates (also low-interest, but the interest
accrues while students are enrolled); and $10 billion in higher-interest Parent
PLUS loans, $8 billion in higher-interest graduate “PLUS” loans, and $1 billion
in Perkins loans, which are now being phased out. In addition, students
borrowed $9 billion in privately-sourced loans and less than a billion in
state- supported loans. This does not include other debt students or families
may have taken out through credit cards, mortgages, or personal loans that were
used directly or indirectly to fund higher education expenses. In the
short-term, student loans are a source of federal funding for students and,
indirectly, for institutions. But in the long-term, they do not shift the
burden of payment away from students. There is considerable debate about the
share that will ultimately be borne by taxpayers, and the estimates vary
depending on accounting assumptions. The most recent Congressional Budget
Office estimate, in 2017, for example, is that the federal government will end
up spending approximately 10 cents for every dollar loaned. In 2014, only
approximately 29% of outstanding student loans were current with declining
balances. Another 11% were in default status and 34% were current but with
increasing balances. During FY 2017, FSA saw a slight increase in the
portfolio’s three-year default rate, from 11.3% reported in FY 2016 for the FY
2013 three- year cohort default rate to 11.5% reported in FY 2017 for the FY
2014 three-year cohort default rate. FSA also increased its collection rate
from $53.07 to $59.69. The plan is to
open the Federal Student Loan Program to private investment with a 20% grant
component, covering the 11.5% default rate, beginning with excessive compensation
for university Presidents. Congress is advised to stop pretending to pay a 10
cent on the dollar subsidy for [$100 billion student loans] and really make the
President’s budget pay a $1 billion annual fund for the President’s budget to repay
defaulted student loan forgiveness for the President’s budget.
Prototype Student Loan Budget Without
Investment FY 17 – FY 20
|
FY 17 |
FY 18 |
FY 19 |
FY 19 |
FY 20 |
FY 19 |
|
|
Revenues |
67.1 |
69.8 |
72.9 |
72.9 |
76.2 |
76.2 |
|
New Loans |
87.0 |
88.7 |
90.5 |
72.9 |
92.3 |
76.2 |
|
Change |
-19.9 |
-18.9 |
-17.6 |
0 |
-16.1 |
0 |
|
Fund Balance |
42.6 |
22.7 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
-13.8 |
3.8 |
Source:
Johnson, Wayne; Hurt Jay. Federal Student Aid FY 17 Annual Report
7. The new fixed interest rates are 5.045% on the Federal Stafford
loan for undergraduate students, 6.595% for the Federal Stafford loan for
graduate students and 7.595% for the Federal Grad PLUS and Federal Parent PLUS
loans as of July 1, 2018. Parents are fully responsible for paying PLUS loans,
if they are taken out to benefit students, and not to pay for graduate or
professional education. Perkins Loans had a fixed interest rate of 5%. for
undergraduate and graduate students with exceptional financial
need. It is important to note that under federal law, the authority
for schools to make new Perkins Loans ended on Sept. 30, 2017, and final
disbursements were permitted through June 30, 2018. As a result, students can
no longer receive Perkins Loans. Private investors must somehow be convinced
that 6.6% average annual interest rates affords the
11% - 12% default rate. The interest rate factor is used
to calculate the amount of interest that accrues on your loan. It is determined
by dividing your loan's interest rate by the number of days in the year. Simple
daily interest formula: Interest Amount = (Outstanding Principal Balance x Interest Rate Factor) x Number of Days Since Last Payment.
Unpaid interest is generally capitalized following periods of deferment on an
unsubsidized loan and/or forbearance of interest on subsidized student loans
while they are enrolled in college. The First-Year Undergraduate Annual Loan
Limit is $5,500—No more than $3,500 of this amount may be in subsidized loans.
Independent Student and dependent undergraduate students whose parents are
unable to obtain PLUS Loans the limit is $9,500—No more than $3,500 of this
amount may be in subsidized loans. Second-Year Undergraduate Annual Loan Limit
is $6,500—No more than $4,500 of this amount may be in subsidized loans.
Independent students have a $10,500 limit —No more than $4,500 of this amount
may be in subsidized loans. Third-Year and Beyond Undergraduate Annual Loan
Limit is $7,500—No more than $5,500 of this amount may be in subsidized loans.
Independent students may get up to $12,500—No more than $5,500 of this amount
may be in subsidized loans. All graduate and professional students are
considered independent with a limit of $20,500 (unsubsidized only). The
Subsidized and Unsubsidized Aggregate Loan Limit is $31,000—No more than
$23,000 of this amount may be in subsidized loans. $57,500 for
undergraduates—No more than $23,000 of this amount may be in subsidized loans.
$138,500 for graduate or professional students—No more than $65,500 of this
amount may be in subsidized loans. The graduate aggregate limit includes all
federal loans received for undergraduate study. Among post-baccalaureate
certificate completers in 2015–16 who had student loans, the average balance
was higher for those who attended private for-profit institutions ($97,300)
than for those who attended public institutions ($51,100), but neither was
measurably different from the average balance for those who attended private
nonprofit institutions ($81,500). Among master’s degree completers who had
student loans, the average balance was higher for those who attended private
for-profit institutions ($90,300) than for those who attended private nonprofit
institutions ($71,900), and both were higher than the average balance for those
who attended public institutions ($54,500). For students who completed a
research doctorate and had student loans, the average balance was higher for
those who attended private for-profit institutions ($160,100) than for those
who attended private nonprofit ($94,100) and public ($92,200) institutions. For
students who completed a professional doctorate and had student loans, the
average balances for those who attended private nonprofit ($221,800) and
private for-profit ($190,200) institutions were not measurably different, but
both were higher than the average student loan balance for those who attended
public institutions ($142,600). Average loan balances for students who
completed a research or professional doctorate increased between 1999–2000 and
2015–16 for all degree programs for which data were available (in constant
2016–17 dollars). Average loan balances approximately doubled for those who
completed medical doctorates (from $124,700 to $246,000, an increase of 97%).
$145,500 for law degree completers. Ph.D.’s outside the field of education
(from $48,400 to $98,800, an increase of 104%), and other non-Ph.D. doctorates
(from $64,500 to $132,200, an increase of 105%).
OMB Estimated Federal
Education Spending Growth 1962-2020
(millions)
|
Year |
1962 |
1963 |
1964 |
|||
|
OMB Estimate |
816 |
985 |
973 |
|||
|
% Annual Growth |
17.2% |
-1.2% |
||||
|
1965 |
1966 |
1967 |
1968 |
1969 |
1970 |
1971 |
|
1,152 |
2,416 |
3,596 |
4,072 |
3,990 |
4,594 |
5,099 |
|
15.5% |
52.3% |
32.8% |
11.9% |
-2% |
13.1% |
9.8% |
|
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
1977 |
1978 |
|
5,537 |
5,709 |
5,747 |
7,331 |
7,897 |
8,717 |
9,828 |
|
7.9% |
3% |
0.7% |
21.6% |
7.2% |
9.4% |
11.3% |
|
1979 |
1980 |
1981 |
1982 |
1983 |
1984 |
1985 |
|
12,167 |
14,612 |
16,973 |
14,707 |
14,433 |
15,424 |
16,596 |
|
19.2% |
16.7% |
13.9% |
-15.4% |
-1.9% |
6.4% |
7.1% |
|
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
|
17,577 |
16,670 |
18,145 |
21,468 |
22,972 |
25,196 |
25,832 |
|
5.6% |
-5.4% |
8.1% |
15.5% |
6.5% |
8.8% |
2.5% |
|
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
1999 |
|
30,109 |
24,557 |
31,205 |
29,727 |
30,009 |
31,294 |
31,285 |
|
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
|
33,476 |
35,523 |
46,373 |
57,145 |
62,780 |
72.858 |
93,368 |
|
6.5% |
5.8% |
23.4% |
18.9% |
9% |
13.8% |
22% |
|
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
|
66,372 |
65,963 |
53,389 |
93,743 |
65,484 |
57,249 |
40,910 |
|
-40.7% |
-0.6% |
-23.6% |
43.1% |
-43.2% |
-14.4% |
-39.9% |
|
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
|
59,610 |
103,288 |
68,506 |
73,669 |
80,852 |
88,426 |
94,971 |
|
31.4% |
42.3% |
-50.8% |
7% |
8.9% |
8.6% |
6.9% |
Source: OMB Table 4.1 (2015)
8. The education budget
fluctuates more than any other department, ostensibly due to the corrupting
influence of the student loan subsidy dispute. Nonetheless, for the Historical
Record, it is necessary to assume that the official federal budget total is
right, although in review of the current year accounting fraud, find that
Congress does not pay a 10 cent per dollar, or in fact any student loan subsidy
at all. However, the overpayment is the only way to justify the budget cuts, so
without redress, that is what occurred. As the result of this accounting fraud,
of wildly high subsidies for student loans alternating with abysmally low to
negative growth, average total federal education spending growth totals about
4.7%, rather than 3%, that is considered normal. To check the education balance it is necessary to exclude student loans and
revenues from mandatory appropriations. 1973 and 1974 seem to be the only years
that positive ED spending growth was reported by OMB to be less than 3%. Only
by excluding student loans can the next year be estimated. The bipartisan
theory is that having achieved normal 3.5% of GDP elementary and secondary
school funding levels, ED is deeply troubled by the expensive Democratic
negligence to end the wasteful Republican platform to abolish ED, cut education
funding or otherwise stunt 3% average annual elementary and secondary education
spending growth under Art. 50 of the 4th Geneva Convention Relative
to the Protection of Civilians in Times of War of 1949. Beginning in FY 17
[$100 billion] student loan program level, savings, revenues, collections and
mandatory funds for discretionary programs are to be excluded in brackets from
the President's Budget under 2USC§661c. The most authentic study of the dispute between the
President' Budget and Congressional Appropriations regarding the federal
education budget is detailed in Education Budget by Major Program
1980-2018. The major problem with the Education budget, is that student loans
need to be amortized so that the education budget total is not confused by
arbitrary and capricious bribes in pursuit of unsustainable negative subsidies.
The dispute between President and Congress regarding negative subsidies
1980-2018 indicates that resolution can be achieved only by an agreement that
for no loan subsidies ED would receive no revenues. With no revenues or student
loan expenses federal education budget estimates stabilize and 2020 can be
estimated. For Congress to stop abusing budget stability with negative
subsidies, a student loan balance sheet, with historical and estimated annual
repayments, needs to be made public. Congress has only to look at how many
years they financed Federal Family Education Loan Program after new loans
through that program were discontinued after 2010, to know they know nothing
about student loans. To agree upon a just and lasting peace regarding the
education budget Congress may prove to President that they also support 3%
education spending growth so that they can immediately come to an exact
agreement. Furthermore, because the accounting fraud regarding the ED budget
total due to student loans, has historically gone unchecked by the Treasury,
and must be believed to have been paid as written for partial distribution to
the Pell Grant system, it is not adequate for the President to debunk the 10 cent per dollar myth regarding federal subsidies for student
loans. The President’s budget must be pre-authorized to actually pay $1 billion
annually, 1 cent per dollar, for the full-repayment of defaulted student loans. 3% annual growth for education to compete
with 2.7% average annual inflation.
9. Several state studies
have shown that earning a post-conviction Bachelor's degree is a 100% effective
cure for recidivism. Otherwise 25% of people with Associate's degrees, 34% of
those released from federal prison, 50% of those with vocational certificates
(like police academy) and 66% of everyone on parole are re-incarcerated within
three years of being released from prison.
The only middle-income people who can afford an undergraduate degree
anymore are undereducated law enforcement officers, who particularly want to be
required a minimum of a Bachelor degree and funded part-time through law
school. Due to the serious threat of recidivism, police misconduct by
undereducated law enforcement officers must result in their immediate
termination of employment by police chief. Authorization to the make arrests
and carry a firearm conferred by police academy burdens the Court.
Undereducated police officers must be swiftly terminated for misconduct and
should be given disability insurance until they have achieved a Bachelor degree
and are gainfully employed without rush. With 515 justified homicides from legal intervention in
2016, the homicide rate of 1.5 million police officers is 38.6 per 100,000,
seven times more than normal 5.3 per 100,000, or 8 per 100,000 for ex-convicts
without gun rights. As state employees, state highway patrol, local
police and sheriff departments must pay 12.4% OASDI payroll tax to get better
than $200 a month disability, probably an extra $1,000 a month. Due process of
the obsolescence of state employee retirement programs under Title I of the
Social Security Act is needed. With false arrest rates running around 50%,
education is essential for law enforcement personnel to be gravely mistaken
without hurting anyone very badly, stop doing wrong, and to know through due
diligence what it means and feels like to be right on trial regarding issues so
complex they require the professional supervision of lawyers. The Bachelor degree
seems to confer a philosophical immunity from being a partner in crime, that
would theoretically reduce false arrest and torture and improve the fairness of
the trial, punishment and rehabilitation of common criminals. Several state
studies have shown no recidivism, re-incarceration within three years of
release, from people who earned a post-conviction Bachelor degrees, whereas
recidivism otherwise ran around 25% for associates degrees, 50% for vocational
certificates (such as police academy) and 66% for those otherwise released from
state prison. To participate in the study, prisons would correlate the success
of their Bachelor degree programs with the elimination of recidivism. To
theoretically eliminate the possibility of recidivism and increase Good Time
credit, online Bachelor degree programs funded by student loans must be offered
to all defendants, especially those sentenced to a lengthy period of
incarceration in prison. Student loan collections must not bother the protected
people, who will pay as their tax lawyer directs them. Prisoners and student
loan collections have a mutual proclivity for engaging in hostilities,
reportedly Attorney General incited rampage shootings in the case of student
loan collections (academy trained law enforcement officers have so far not
perpetrated) that must cease under the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990. As of
2016, there are 1,315,561 Licensed Lawyers in the United States of America. 35
years ago the population of attorneys in the United
States had surpassed 450,000, and law schools were graduating 34,000 each year.
By 2011, the annual production of law degrees was up to 44,000, and at 1.22
million, the number of lawyers in the country had nearly tripled. In 2011, the
number of students entering law school dropped by 7%, an unprecedented fall. In
2012, the drop accelerated: Enrollment of first-year law students sank another
8.6%. It plunged still further in 2013. According to the American Bar
Association, 39,675 new law students matriculated in fall of 2013 — an 11%
decrease from 2012. To dispel rumors regarding 60% unemployment on graduation
from law school, it is recommended that law schools include 4-20 week police
and correctional programs, in their three year curriculum.
Having saturated the courts with standing juries of public defenders, academy
certified lawyers should be preferentially employed as police and corrections
officers.
Migration Estimates 2001-2017
|
Year |
LPR in |
LPR out |
Adjustment of
status |
Net legal |
Other-in |
Other out |
Adjustments of
status |
Net other |
Total net
immigration |
|
2001 |
517 |
265 |
542 |
794 |
1,322 |
122 |
542 |
658 |
1,453 |
|
2002 |
483 |
243 |
487 |
728 |
1,259 |
112 |
487 |
660 |
1,388 |
|
2003 |
414 |
192 |
354 |
575 |
1,139 |
123 |
354 |
662 |
1,237 |
|
2004 |
466 |
250 |
533 |
749 |
1,304 |
108 |
533 |
662 |
1,411 |
|
2005 |
561 |
290 |
597 |
869 |
1,791 |
52 |
597 |
1,141 |
2,010 |
|
2006 |
639 |
303 |
573 |
910 |
1,450 |
76 |
573 |
801 |
1,710 |
|
2007 |
584 |
267 |
482 |
800 |
883 |
328 |
482 |
72 |
872 |
|
2008 |
635 |
278 |
478 |
835 |
672 |
948 |
478 |
-754 |
81 |
|
2009 |
633 |
277 |
475 |
832 |
752 |
170 |
475 |
106 |
938 |
|
2010 |
622 |
262 |
426 |
786 |
678 |
199 |
426 |
53 |
838 |
|
2011 |
647 |
264 |
408 |
791 |
606 |
263 |
408 |
-66 |
725 |
|
2012 |
621 |
255 |
401 |
766 |
776 |
131 |
401 |
244 |
1,011 |
|
2013 |
589 |
249 |
409 |
748 |
939 |
184 |
409 |
346 |
1,094 |
|
2014 |
627 |
256 |
398 |
769 |
1,073 |
364 |
398 |
311 |
1,080 |
|
2015 |
689 |
271 |
395 |
813 |
1,082 |
324 |
395 |
364 |
1,177 |
|
2016 |
776 |
296 |
408 |
888 |
1,450 |
192 |
408 |
849 |
1,737 |
|
2017 |
700 |
288 |
450 |
863 |
1,450 |
231 |
450 |
769 |
1,632 |
Source: 2018 Annual
Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old Age Survivor Insurance Trust
Fund and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund. 2018. LPR – legal permanent resident.
10. Lawful permanent resident (LPR) immigration are persons who enter the Social Security area and are granted LPR status, or who are already in the Social Security area and adjust their status to become LPRs. Legal emigration: LPRs and citizens who leave the Social Security area population. Other-than-LPR immigration: Persons who enter the Social Security area and stay to the end of the year without being granted LPR status, such as undocumented immigrants, foreign workers and students entering with temporary or tourist visas. Other-than-LPR emigration are other-than-LPR immigrants who leave the Social Security area population. Net LPR immigration is the difference between LPR immigration and legal emigration. Net other-than-LPR immigration is the difference between other- than-LPR immigration and other-than-LPR emigration. Total net immigration refers to the sum of net LPR immigration and net other-than-LPR immigration. English language learner (ELL) is an individual who, has sufficient difficulty speaking, reading, writing, or understanding the English language to be denied the opportunity to learn successfully in classrooms where the language of instruction is English or to participate fully in the larger U.S. society. Such an individual (1) was not born in the United States or has a native language other than English; (2) comes from environments where a language other than English is dominant. Hispanic high school drop-outs rates are 164% higher than average. In statistical studies by race and ethnicity, the term Hispanic and ELL are somewhat interchangeable because of the large majority of Spanish speakers studying ELL. As a race or ethnicity, Hispanic ELL students have the lowest education attainment levels in the United States. On average 11.2% of the US population drops out of high school. Of those dropouts, 10.5% are white, 11.3% are black and 29.5% are Hispanic. The rates vary according to age. Students who are in grades 9-10 (ages 14-16) drop out at the following rates: 5.9% of whites, 7.4% of blacks, and 15.8% of Hispanics. The Hispanic drop-out rate increased from 12.5% in 1980 to a high of 19% in 1990. Approximately 10% of Hispanic dropouts obtained a GED credential, which is a far lower rate than the nearly 20% of African American dropouts and 30% of White dropouts. About 40% of dropouts (who typically left school at 16 or 17 years old) had obtained a GED by age 29 years whereas only 2.79% of GED holders had earned an associate’s degree by age 29. Only 23% of GED holders were enrolled in a postsecondary institution for as little as a single semester. The Intergovernmental Conference to Adopt the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration was held in Marrakech, Morocco, 10 and 11 December 2018 reaffirmed the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants A/Res/71/1 3 October 2016. Today, there are over 258 million migrants around the world living outside their country of birth, more than 3.6% of the total world population. there are roughly 65 million forcibly displaced persons, including over 21 million refugees, 3 million asylum seekers and over 40 million internally displaced persons. The number of refugees and migrants who have left Venezuela worldwide has now reached three million, since the death of Hugo Chavez. Most of the 3 million are currently hosted by countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, accounting for about 2.4 million refugees and migrants from Venezuela. United States sanctions did not do 200,000% inflation justice, nor did Venezuela's impromptu response to the United Nations, but the food program is reported to be financed and a civilian government is to be encouraged. The Caravans of pedestrians entering the United States from Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala seem to be protesting high homicide rates in Central America. For a time, Honduras had the highest homicide rate in the world. Central Americans are willing to walk thousands of miles to reduce their average homicide victimization risk from more than 24 to 5.3 per 100,000 or 2 in Canada. The Central American refugees are not blaming Venezuelan refugees for the gang violence and political persecution by the military, that is displacing them, they are blaming post-Hugo Chavez military dictatorships and the U.S. foreign military finance and military education that finance them. Few Venezuelan refugees risk migration to Central America or want to go as far as the United States. The Central American refugees do not feel safe from the serial killings of migrants that occurred during the Mexican drug war and are responding directly to Operation Fast and Furious with a Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration dated 2016 and 2018. Representation of English language proficiency and GED greatly increases likelihood an immigrant visa under 8USC§1153 or application for asylum under 8USC§1158 and 8USC§1522 will be granted. Asylum requests have increased nearly 70% over the past year. Customs and Border Protection officers typically review 40 to 100 asylum requests a day, which significantly slows down the legal process of non-immigrant visas. To apply for Asylum, file a Form I-589, Application for Asylum and for Withholding of Removal, within one year of your arrival to the United States. There is no fee to apply for asylum. Just get through the border with a less than $10 tax on non-immigrant visas under 8USC§1184, Art. 1 Sec. 9 Cl. 1 of the US Constitution, Sec. 2 of the Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilians in Times of War (1949) and Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Their Families (1990).
Sanders, Tony J. Chapter 4:
State Mental Institution Library Education (SMILE). 11th Ed.
Hospitals & Asylums. HA-20-12-18. 374 pgs. PDF ; Word