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National Cemeteries (NC)

To supplement Chapter 7 National Cemeteries §271-296 and Chapter 7a Private and Commercial Cemeteries §298. The common law standard for determining death is the irreversible cessation of all vital functions. To avoid probate, own nothing when dead; free wills, estates and trusts with pay-on-death (POD), transfer-on-death (TOD) accounts and corporations. To support nearly 6 million with social security survivor benefits. To pay for the growing $20 billion funeral industry, funeral services were estimated to cost $4,166 for a burial and $1,080 for a cremation in 2007, now the real average cost of a traditional funeral is over $8,000 and much nearer to $10,000 with cemetery fees. To sustain websites of deceased persons perpetually. To advise that funeral director programs be lengthened to Bachelor degree. To continue to increase life expectancy from (76. 1 for males and 80.9 for females in 2010) (76.8 for males and 81.5 for females in 2015), although in 2015 an estimated 2.6 million Americans died, 4% up from 2.5 million in 2010, there are fewer deaths per 100,000 (821 per 100,000 in 2010) (781 per 100,000 in 2015) and in 2000 there were 65,000 centenarians and in 2010 between 100,000 and 200,000. To express that globally the proportion of persons aged 60 years and older is expected to double between 2000 and 2050, from 10 to 21 per cent, whereas the proportion of children is projected to drop by a third, from 30 to 21 per cent, whereas the Census is premature regarding the 22.9% under age 18 revision in 2015, down from 24% in 2010. To advise the Census to adopt the more popular Social Security area child ratio of 23.33% for a total of 75.7 million children in a U.S. population of 324.5 million, more than 74.9 Baby Boomers born 1946-64 in the migrant supplemented Social Security Area population of 330 million in 2016. To prescribe fresh fabrics, vegan diet and athletic exercise routine; for heart attacks; antibiotics cures endocarditis. To prescribe doxycycline to people discharged from hospitals, clindamycin for children and pregnant women, to treat toxic shock syndrome of Strep mixed with Staph, Lyme, syphilis, bubonic plague or Staph endocarditis with its 50% death rate per hospital admission. To differentiate flu, a wet cough, pneumonia, a dry cough, aspergillosis, painful lung nodules, and pneumonitis, is treat them with Amantadine or Tamiflu, Ampicillin or streptomycin, a dab of $1 hydrocortisone crème on the chest, and respirator to prevent dust inspiration, respectively. To differentiate cold, by runny nose, allergic rhinitis lasts more than a week, and pertussis, an extremely runny nose in the first week when it can be treated with antibiotics, to avoid 6 weeks of coughing. To continue to reduce infant mortality rate from 5.1 infant deaths per 1,000 in 2016 and reduce maternal mortality rate from the opiate epidural adjusted high of 32 per 100,000. To protect children and adolescents from unintentional injury, mostly motor-vehicle-related (MVR), death. To continue to reduce the conventional homicide rate from a high of 10.2 per 100,000 in 1980 to a low of 4.5 in 2013 to 5.3 per 100,000 in 2016. To redress 515 justified homicides from legal intervention, the homicide rate of one million police officers is 51.5 per 100,000, ten times more than average, that of prisoners is three times normal. To account for 20,0000 intentional of 52,000 poisoning deaths, opiates laced with fentanyl and co-fentanyl, respiratory depression reversed by Narcan injection of naloxone or naltrexone tablet. To reduce 156,000 accidental deaths and 15,872 homicides, abolish DEA – the H.

Be it enacted in the House and Senate assembled

1^st Ed. Sep. 2003, 2^nd 12 April 2007, 3^rd 15 April 2009, 4^th 16 Aug. 2010, 5^th 16 Aug. 2011, 6^th 28 Oct. 2014, 7^th 14 Feb. 2018

1. This work supplements Title 24 US Code Chapter 7 National Cemeteries §271-296 and Chapter 7a Private and Commercial Cemeteries §298. Federal regulation of the funeral industry is currently limited to a prohibition of unfair and deceptive advertising by the funeral industry that must provide a general price list to consumers. The vast majority of regulation of the funeral, cemetery and estate industries is done by state license boards under state statute. The objective is to avoid probate by owning nothing when dead. Free wills and trusts with pay-on-death (POD), transfer-on-death (TOD) accounts and corporations. Section 2 of Ex. Ord. No. 6166, June 10, 1933, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 6229, July 27, 1934; Ex. Ord. No. 6614, Feb. 26, 1934; Ex. Ord. No. 6690, Apr. 25, 1934, set out as a note to section 901 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and transferred all functions of administrator of certain historical national cemeteries located within the continental limits of the United States, including certain cemeteries administered by the War Department to the Director of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations in the Department of the Interior. The Director of National Parks, Buildings and Reservations was renamed Director of National Park Service by act Mar. 2, 1934, ch. 38, 48 Stat. 362. Hospitals and Asylums Title 24 of the United States Code Chapter 7A – Private and Commercial Cemeteries §298 was repealed Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 654, §1(47), 65 Stat. 703 Section, act June 20, 1939, ch. 220, 53 Stat. 843, related to disposal, by Secretary of War, of government lots in commercial cemeteries. All that remains in Chapter 7 is one section on memorials and entombments at §295a Arlington Memorial Amphitheater Pub. L. 86–694, §1, Sept. 2, 1960, 74 Stat. 739. §280, act Feb. 3, 1879, ch. 44, 20 Stat. 281, related to headstones in private cemeteries §2306 and §2400 et seq. of Title 38, Veterans' Benefits. §280a, act Feb. 26, 1929, ch. 324, 45 Stat. 1307, related to headstones for Confederate soldiers under §2306 and §2400 et seq. of Title 38. §280b, act Apr. 18, 1940, ch. 109, 54 Stat. 142, related to standard headstones under §2306 and §2400 et seq. of Title 38. §296, act July 1, 1947, ch. 187, 61 Stat. 234, related to preservation of historic graveyards under §2405(b) of Title 38, Veterans' Benefits.

Leading Global Causes of Death

Rank	0-4 years	5-14 years	15-44 years	15-59 years	60 years	All ages
1	Perinatal conditions 2,155,000	Acute lower respiratory infections 213,429	HIV/AIDS 1,629,726	Ischaemic heart disease 887,146	Ischaemic heart disease 6,239,562	Ischaemic heart disease 7,375,408
2	Acute lower respiratory infections 1,850,412	Malaria 209,109	Road traffic injuries 600,312	Cerebrovascular disease 600,854	Cerebrovascular disease 4,247,080	Cerebrovascular disease 5,106,125
3	Diarrhoeal diseases 1,814,158	Road traffic injuries 161,956	Interpersonal violence 509,844	Tuberculosis 407,737	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1,974,652	Acute lower respiratory infections 3,452,178
4	Measles 887,671	Drowning 157,573	Self-inflicted injuries 508,621	Trachea/bronchus /lung cancers 305,982	Acute lower respiratory infections 1,184,698	HIV/AIDS 2,285,229
5	Malaria 793,368	Diarrhoeal diseases 133,883	Tuberculosis 427,314	Cirrhosis of the liver 264,117	Trachea/bronchus/ lung cancers 889,873	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2,249,252
6	Congenital abnormalities 404,849	War injuries 57,285	War injuries 372,935	HIV/AIDS 214,571	Tuberculosis 570,513	Diarrhoeal diseases 2,219,032
7	HIV/AIDS 349,885	Nephritis/nephrosis 44,640	Ischaemic heart disease 244,556	Liver cancers 205,394	Stomach cancers 561,527	Perinatal conditions 2,155,000
8	Pertussis 345,771	Congenital abnormalities 43,056	Cerebrovascular disease 195,983	Stomach cancers 205,212	Diabetes mellitus 426,964	Tuberculosis 1,498,061
9	Tetanus 302,668	Inflammatory cardiac disease 40,802	Cirrhosis of the liver 142,445	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 203,192	Colon/rectum cancer 424,463	Trachea/bronchus/ lung cancers 1,244,407
10	Protein−energy malnutrition 214,717	HIV/AIDS 39,042	Drowning 141,922	Self-inflicted injuries 178,478	Cirrhosis of the liver 355,615	Road traffic injuries 1,170,694
11	Drowning 125,301	Fires 38,968	Fires 122,666	Road traffic injuries 172,312	Nephritis/nephrosis 307,832	Malaria 1,110,293
12	STDs excluding HIV 118,178	Cerebrovascular disease 38,349	Maternal haemorrhage 116,771	Breast cancers 132,238	Oesophaguscancers 296,550	Self-inflicted injuries 947,697
13	War injuries 103,323	Tuberculosis 38,093	Acute lower respiratory infections 115,100	Oesophagus cancers 117,352	Liver cancers 295,756	Measles 887,671
14	Road traffic injuries 82,429	Interpersonal violence 34,938	Rheumatic heart disease 104,635	Diabetes mellitus 104,855	Inflammatory cardiac disease 268,545	Stomach cancers 822,069
15	Meningitis 60,198	Leukemia 34,503	Liver cancers 103,131	Inflammatory cardiac disease 97,511	Self-inflicted injuries 227,724	Cirrhosis of the liver 774,563

Source: WHO

2. Death is vital to the estimation of population growth. It is estimated that 56,597,030 people died around the world in 2004 an average of 863 death per 100,000, 0.86% of the population with a life expectancy of 66 years.  It is estimated that 2,398,343 people died in the U.S. in 2004, 808 per 100,000, 0.83% of the population, a decrease of 49,945 from the previous year, the life expectancy at birth in 2004 reached 77.9 years, 76 years for men and 80 for women. Subsequently in 2005, 2006 and 2007 the death rate increased to over 2.4 million. In 2015 an estimated 2.6 million Americans died, up from 2.5 million in 2010. The total number of deaths grew an average of 1.3% annually between 2010 and 2015 up from 0.5% annually between 2000-2010. The reason for the uptick in deaths 2010-2015 is that Baby Boomers have reached their peak disability years and are now reaching age 65. Replacement-level fertility is the number of children each woman would need to give birth to in order to keep the national population the same size in the subsequent generation, normally about 2.1. As of 2015 the United States has the highest birth rate (12.5 per 1,000 population), infant mortality rate (6.1 infant deaths per 1,000 live births), under age 5 deaths (8 per 1,000 ) and maternal mortality rate (32 deaths per 100,000) of any industrialized nation. 2016 net population growth is bolstered by 1.5 million net migrants - 252,000 legal, 542 adjustment of status and 1.2 million total other net entrants reported by the Social Security Administration. With the growing population over the age of 65, augmented by the retirement of the Baby Boomer cohort, the total number of dead persons increases every year. However, the good news is, life expectancy (76. 1 for males and 80.9 for females in 2010)(76.8 for males and 81.5 for females in 2015) gets longer. There are fewer deaths per 100,000 (821 per 100,000 in 2010)(781 per 100,000 in 2015).

Population Growth Estimates of the United States 1960-2016

Year	Population	Yearly % Change	Yearly Change	Deaths	Migrants (net)	Births
2016	329,386,000	0.86 %	2,800,000	2,700,000	1,500,000	4,000,000
2015	326,586,000	0.84 %	2,908,327	2,626,418	1,557,000	3,977,745
2010	309,876,170	0.91 %	2,747,307	2,468,435	1,014,100	3,944,000
2000	282,895,741	1.22 %	3,324,043	2,403,351	1,738,500	4,058,814
1990	252,847,810	0.99 %	2,431,251	2,148,463	737,200	4,158,212
1980	229,588,208	0.95 %	2,124,929	1,989,841	774,600	3,612,258
1970	209,485,807	0.99 %	2,016,455	1,921,031	299,000	3,731,386
1960	186,176,524	1.74 %	3,076,029	1,711,982	372,000	4,257,850

Source: US Census (as edited 2015-16) Hamilton, Brady E. Ph.D., Martin, Joyce A. M.P.H., and Osterman, Michelle J.K. M.H.S. Births: Preliminary Data for 2015. Division of Vital Statistics. Center for Disease Control. National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 65 No. 3. June 2, 2016; Xu, Jiaquan M.D.; Murphy, Sherry L. B.S.; Kochanek, Kenneth D. M.A.; and Bastian, Brigham A B.S. Deaths: Final Data for 2013. Division of Vital Statistics. Center for Disease Control. National Vital Statistics Reports Vol. 64, No. 2 February 16, 2016 Table 1 Edited by 2016 Annual Report. Table V.A2 Immigration Assumptions, Calendar Years 1940-2090 for 2015 and net immigration re-estimated at 1.5 million and total population corroborated by Table IV.A1.—Historical and Projected Social Security Area Population based on the Intermediate Assumptions of the 2015 OASDI Trustees Report, as of July 1, 1974-2039

3. The United Nations Principles on Older Persons of 1991 is aware that in all countries, individuals are reaching an advanced age in greater numbers and in better health than ever before. The reason for the significant uptick in annual deaths 2010-1015 is that the large cohort of 74.9 million Baby Boomers born are passing through their peak disability years and reaching retirement age and being over the age of 65 is the primary risk factor for death. In 2015 the age-adjusted death rate was estimated to be 781.4 per 100,000 - 240 per 100,000 under the age of 65 and 4,393 per 100,000 over the age of 65. National death rate statistics maintained by the SSA Actuary slightly improve, go down at an average rate of 99.93% annually from a death rate of 781.4 per 100,000 for all ages, 239.8 per 100,000 under the age of 65 and 4,392.3 per 100,000 over the age of 65 in 2015. Legend has it, before contact Native Americans on the East Coast, usually lived beyond 100 years, barring accident. In the time of King David, BC 1037-967, the days of our lives are 70 yrs, and by reason and strength 80, yet they boast only of labor and sorrow (Psalm 90-10). For the wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord (Romans 6:23). For most of human history life expectancy was between 25-50 years. Primarily as the result of improvements in water purity and sewage treatment, but also because of technological advancements in medical treatment, pharmaceutical drugs and government regulation between 1900 and 2000, life expectancy at birth in the United States increased from 47 to 77 years. Age adjusted life expectancy for people aged 65 increased more than 6 years during the twentieth century, in 2002 a 65 year old American woman could expect to live almost 20 more years and a man an additional 16.6 years. The difference between male and female life expectancy at birth has been generally decreasing since its peak of 7.8 years in 1979. Never before have so many people lived to a healthy old age. In 1900 there were about 3 million people aged sixty-five and over in the United States, making up 4.1 percent of the population. By 1963 the number had grown to 17.5 million; and one could reasonably expect to survive to old age. In 2000 about 35 million citizens were aged sixty-five or over, constituting 12.5 percent of the population. By 2030, this age group will account for about 70 million people, or 20 percent of the population. Life expectancy at age sixty-five is now seventeen years, five years longer than at the turn of the century. Many sixty-five year olds remain physically and mentally active and capable of contributing to society on many levels. Those over age eighty-five, known as the oldest-old, are the fastest growing segment of the population. In 1900, they accounted for only 4 percent of all people over age sixty-five. Now that figure is 12 percent and growing, it is expected to triple by 2040 to 14.3 million. Now that figure is 12 percent and growing, it is expected to triple by 2040 to 14.3 million. Even living to one hundred is no longer a rarity. In 1950 there were roughly 3,000 centenarians in the United States. In 2000 centenarians on the rolls of the Social Security Administration numbered about 65,000. In 2010, estimates put the number at well over 100,000, perhaps as high as 200,000. In fifty years the figure may approach 1 million. Some authorities talk seriously of life expectancies of 110 or 120 years.

US Vital Statistics 2010-2015

Year	Birth rate	Age-sex adjusted Death rate	Under 65	65 and Over	Life expectancy at birth, Male	Life expectancy at birth, Female	Life expectancy at age 65, Male	Life expectancy age 65, Female
2010	1.93	821.3	248.5	4,640.1	76.1	80.9	17.6	20.2
2011	1.89	819.3	249.1	4,621.4	76.2	81.0	17.7	20.2
2012	1.87	811.9	248.5	4,568.2	76.3	81.1	17.8	20.3
2013	1.85	812.2	249.1	4,566.1	76.3	81.1	17.8	20.3
2014	1.86	790.4	242.6	4,442.9	76.6	81.2	18.0	20.5
2015	1.87	781.4	239.8	4,392.3	76.8	81.5	18.1	20.6

Source 2016 Annual Report of OASDI Trust Fund. Table V.A.1 Fertility and Mortality Assumptions, Calendar Year 1940-2090; Table V. A-4 Period Life Expectancy 1940-2090

4. Life expectancy for the U.S. population in 2015 was 78.8 years, a decrease of 0.1 year from 2014. The age-adjusted death rate increased 1.2% from 724.6 deaths per 100,000 standard population in 2014 to 733.1 in 2015. The 10 leading causes of death in 2015 remained the same as in 2014. Age-adjusted death rates increased for eight leading causes and decreased for one. Rates for the two leading causes—heart disease and cancer— continued their long-term decreasing trends. Significant decreases also occurred for Chronic lower respiratory disease, diabetes, Influenza and pneumonia, and hypertension. Significant increases occurred in 2014 from 2013 for unintentional injuries, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, suicide, and Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. The infant mortality rate of 589.5 infant deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015 was not significantly different from the 2014 rate. The 10 leading causes of infant death in 2015 remained the same as in 2014, although two causes exchanged ranks. The 15 leading causes of death in 2014 were: 1. Diseases of heart (heart disease). 2. Malignant neoplasms (cancer). 3. Chronic lower respiratory diseases. 4. Accidents (unintentional injuries), 5. Cerebrovascular diseases (stroke). 6. Alzheimer’s disease. 7. Diabetes mellitus (diabetes). 8. Influenza and pneumonia. 9. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis (kidney disease). 10. Intentional self-harm (suicide). 11. Septicemia. 12. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. 13. Essential hypertension and hypertensive renal disease (hypertension). 14. Parkinson’s disease. 15. Pneumonitis due to solids and liquids.

15 Leading Causes of Death 2014

Rank	Cause of death	ICD-10	Number	% of total	Crude death rate	Age Adjusted Death Rate
	All causes		2,626,418
1	Diseases of the heart	100-109,I13,120-151	614,348	23.4	192.7	167.0
2.	Malignant neoplasms	C00-C97	591,700	22.5	185.6	161.2
3. .	Chronic lower respiratory diseases	J40-J47	147,101	5.6	46.1	40.5
4.	Accidents (unintentional injuries)	V01-X59, Y85-Y86	135,928	5.2	42.6	40.5
5.	Cerebrovascular disease	I60-I69	133,103	5.1	41.7	36.5
6.	Alzheimer's disease	G30	93,541	3.6	29.3	25.4
7.	Diabetes mellitus	E10-E14	76,488	2.9	24.0	20.9
8.	Influenza and pneumonia	J09-J18	55,227	2.1	17.3	15.1
9.	Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome ad nephrosis	N00-N07, N17-N19, N25-N27	48,146	1.8	15.1	13.2
10.	Intentional self-harm (suicide)	U03,X60-X84, Y87.0	42,826	1.6	13.4	13.0
11.	Septicemia	A40-A41	38,940	1.5	12.2	10.7
12.	Chronic liver disease	K70, K73-K74	38,170	1.5	12.0	10.4
13.	Essential hypertension and hypertensive renal disease	I10, 12, 15	30,221	1.2	9.5	9.2
14.	Parkinson's disease	G20-G21	28,150	1.0	8.2	7.4
15.	Pneumonitis due to solids and liquids	J69	18,792	0.7	5.9	5.1
	All other causes		535,737	20.4	168.0
	Lung diseases	J09-J18, J40-J47, J69	221,120	8.4	69.3	60.7

Source: Kochanek, Kenneth D. M.A.; Murphy, Sherry L. B.S. ; Xu, Jiquan M.D.; Tejada_Vera, Betzaida, M.S. Deaths final Data for 2014. National Vital Statistics Reports. Vol. 65, No. 4. June 30 ,2016, updated on April 3, 2017.;Table B pg. 5

5. Suicide was the 10^th leading cause of death in 2014 and 2015, with 42,826 fatalities in 2014. 1.6% of all deaths were suicide, 13.4 per 100,000 or 13.0 per 100,000 age adjusted. 50% of suicides were committed with a firearm. 63.7% of firearm deaths were suicide. Suicide is 3^rd leading cause of death among 15 – 24 year olds. In 1997 30,535 people died from suicide in the U.S. Suicide was the 11^th leading cause of death in 2000. The highest suicide rates are found in white men over the age of 85. More than 90% of people who kill themselves have a diagnosable mental disorder. Four times as many men as women commit suicide although women attempt to commit suicide 2-3 times more often. Major depressive disorder is the leading cause of suicide, heightened by substance abuse, and conduct disorder. Topical exposure to dimethoxymethylamphetamine (DOM) causes a three day panic attack followed by six month recovery from severe mental illness if not immediately washed off with water. Suicide is the leading cause of violent death, outnumbering homicide or war related deaths. 6,808 suicides were committed with poison and another 3,014 were undetermined in 2014. Assault (homicide), the 17th leading cause of death in 2014, dropped from among the 15 leading causes of death in 2010 but is still a major issue for some age groups. In 2014, homicide remained among the 15 leading causes of death for age groups 1–4 (3rd), 5–14 (5th), 15–24 (3rd), 25–34 (3rd), 35–44 (5th), and 45–54 (13th). Homicide would be the 15^th leading cause of death, if the three categories of lung disease were consolidated into the third leading cause of death, after cancer and heart disease, currently chronic lower respiratory diseases. Firearm—In 2014, 33,594 persons died from firearm injuries in the United States, accounting for 16.8% of all injury deaths in that year. The age-adjusted death rate from firearm injuries (all intents) did not change significantly in 2014 from 2013. The two major component causes of firearm injury deaths in 2014 were suicide (63.7%) and homicide (32.8%). The age-adjusted death rate for firearm homicide decreased 2.8%, from 3.6 in 2013 to 3.5 in 2014. The rate for firearm suicide did not change. In 2014, 51,966 deaths occurred as the result of poisonings, 26.0% of all injury deaths. The age-adjusted death rate for poisoning increased significantly, 6.6%, from 15.2 deaths per 100,000 U.S. standard population in 2013 to 16.2 in 2014. The majority of poisoning deaths were either unintentional (80.9%) or suicides (13.1%). However, 5.8% of poisoning deaths were of undetermined intent. The age-adjusted death rate for unintentional poisoning increased 7.4%, from 12.2 in 2013 to 13.1 in 2014, and has nearly tripled since 1999. Since 2000 fatal opiate overdoses have increased more than 1,000%. It is now very dangerous to take either prescription opiates or heroin because there is a high risk of contamination with a lethal dose of fentanyl or cofentanyl narcotics. To reverse the 1,000% increase in fatal opiate overdose respiratory depression since 2001 with Narcan injections, naltrexone pills and prevent opiates from being adulterated with fentanyl and cofentanyl under Sec. 301 of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act under 21USC§331.

Estimated Annual Mortality and Economic Cost of Medical Intervention

Condition	Number of Deaths	Estimated Cost	Complications
Adverse Drug Reactions	106,000	$12 billion	19%
Medical Error	98,000		17%
Bedsores	115,000	$55 billion	10%
Nonsocomial Infection	88,000	$5 billion	5-6%
Malnutrition	108,000		10%
Iatrogenic Outpatient	199,000	$77 billion	25%
Surgery Related	32,000	$9 billion	30%
Total	783,936	$282 billion

Source: Null, Gary PhD; Dean, Carolyn MD; Feldman, Martin MD; Rasio, Deborah MD; Smith, Dorothy MD. Death by Medicine. Life Extension Magazine. 2003

6. In the US, not dissimilar to the rest of the world, in 2004 there were an estimated 250,000 deaths from what can loosely be construed as medical malpractice and product liability. 12,000 from unnecessary surgery, 7,000 from medication errors in hospitals, 20,000 from other errors in hospitals, 80,000 from infections in hospitals, 106,000 from non-error, negative effects of drugs making medical malpractice the third leading cause of death, ten times the homicide rate. Bedsores are estimated to account for 115,000 deaths annually. Over one million people develop bedsores in U.S. hospitals every year, they can be avoided with proper nursing care. The mortality rate in hospitals for patients with bedsores is between 23% and 37% Nosocomial infections acquired from hospitals account for another 88,000 deaths. Reports from more than 270 US hospitals showed that the nosocomial infection rate itself had remained stable over the previous 20 years, with approximately five to six hospital-acquired infections occurring per 100 admissions, a rate of 5-6%. Due to progressively shorter inpatient stays and the increasing number of admissions, however, the number of infections increased. It is estimated that in 1995, nosocomial infections contributed to more than 88,000 deaths, or one death every 6 minutes. The rate of nosocomial infections per 1,000 patient days rose from 7.2 in 1975 to 9.8 in 1995, a 36% jump in 20 years. Unnecessary procedures cause 37,136 deaths. Surgery related errors account for another 32,000 deaths, 12,000 from unnecessary surgeries. 20 percent of all deaths occur in nursing homes, however autopsies are performed on only 1 percent of these deaths. Some researchers estimate that 50 to 85 percent of the treatments doctors order are inadequately tested. The number of people having in-hospital, adverse reactions to prescribed drugs is estimated to be 2.2 million per year. The number of unnecessary antibiotics prescribed annually for viral infections is 20 million per year. The number of unnecessary medical and surgical procedures performed annually is 7.5 million per year. The number of people exposed to unnecessary hospitalization was 8.9 million out of 37 million in 2001. The death rate from drug errors is estimated at 106,000.

7. Doxycycline 100 mg and doxycycline hyclate, the once a day antibiotic, is needed to treat hospital acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and should be prescribed at discharge or sold from a vending machine at the hospital and by licensed blind persons on Federal property by the Randolph-Sheppard Vending Stand Act (Pub. L. 74-732) under 34CFR§395.30 et seq. and 20USC§107 et seq. - Amantadine for human influenza A and the extra-pyramidal side-effects of antipsychotic drugs; corticosteroid inhalers for asthma; antibiotics for endocarditis and those antibiotics that solve antibiotic resistance: ampicillin for pneumonia and meningitis, doxycycline, the once a day antibiotic, for bubonic plague, Lyme disease and hospital acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and metronidazole, pre-surgery for gastroenteritis and joints. Enterocolitis due to Clostridium difficile (C. difficile)—a predominantly antibiotic-associated inflammation of the intestines caused by C. difficile, a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus—is of growing concern. The disease is often acquired in hospitals or other health care facilities with long-term patients or residents (24,25). The number of deaths from C. difficile climbed from 793 deaths in 1999 to a high of 8,085 deaths in 2011. In 2014, the age-adjusted death rate for this cause was 1.9 deaths per 100,000 U.S. standard population, a decrease of 9.5% from the rate in 2013 (2.1). In 2014, C. difficile ranked as the 18th leading cause of death for the population aged 65 and over. Nearly 90% of deaths from C. difficile occurred among people aged 65 and over. 20 percent of all deaths occur in nursing homes, however autopsies are performed on only 1 percent of these deaths. In 2014, a total of 2,626,418 resident deaths were registered in the United States—29,425 more deaths than in 2013. The Coalition for Nursing Home Reform states that at least one-third of the nation's 1.6 million nursing home residents may suffer from malnutrition and dehydration, and this causes 108,800 premature deaths due to malnutrition in nursing homes. Bedsores are estimated to account for 115,000 deaths annually. Over one million people develop bedsores in U.S. hospitals every year, they can be avoided with proper nursing care. The mortality rate in hospitals for patients with bedsores is between 23% and 37%. Because lifting people out of bed is such a back-breaking chore for caregivers, lifting machines are useful.

8. One thousand infants die each hour; 970 of these deaths occur in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 10.5 million children young than 5 years old died in 1999. Of these, 99% lived in developing countries. 5. The United States has the highest birth rate (12.5 per 1,000 population), infant mortality rate (6.1 infant deaths per 1,000 live births and 8 under age 5 deaths per 1,000 ) and maternal mortality rate (32 deaths per 100,000) of any industrialized nation. Globally, the infant mortality rate has decreased from an estimated rate of 63 deaths per 1000 live births (6300 per 100,000) in 1990 to 32 deaths per 1000 live births (3200 per 100,000) in 2015. The United States’ under-5 mortality rate (8 per 1,000 live births) is twice that of Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Italy, Japan and Norway (4 per 1,000 live births) and more than twice that of Iceland and Sweden (3 per 1,000 live births). In 2012, 699,202 legal induced abortions were reported to CDC from 49 reporting areas, about one-third of the annual number of pregnancies terminated. The abortion rate for 2012 was 13.2 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44 years, and the abortion ratio was 210 abortions per 1,000 live births. Compared with 2011, the total number and ratio of reported abortions for 2012 decreased 4%, and the abortion rate decreased 5%. Over the past 20 years US infant mortality remains high and maternal mortality rates have risen contrary to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The US rate of 6.1 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in the first year of life is the highest in any industrialized country. The infant death rates for poor mothers exceeds 5 per 1,000 in the first year. Data suggest that mothers with no prenatal care had a very high overall infant death rate (5281.83 and 4,262.16 deaths per 100,000 births in Mississippi and Louisiana, respectively, whereas the US average was 3,075 deaths per 100,000 live births. Over 24,000 infants are estimated to have died in the United States in 2014. The mortality rate of children younger than 5 is 8 in 1,000 live-births in the United States and 86 in 1,000 live-births for the overall child population of the world. Post-natal infant mortality for the United States 2000 was 2.3 in 1,000 live births (4.7 in 1,000 for black infants and 1.9 in 1,000 for white infants). The leading cause of death in this age groups was sudden infant death syndrome, followed by congenital anomalies, perinatal conditions, respiratory system diseases, accidents and infectious diseases. The leading cause of death in infants was sudden infant death syndrome, followed by congenital anomalies, perinatal conditions, respiratory system diseases, accidents and infectious diseases.

Infant and Maternal Mortality in the US 1980-2015

	Live Births, number	Infant deaths, number	Infant deaths per 1,000 live births	Maternal deaths, number	Maternal death per 100,000 live births
1980	3,634,920	45,800	12.6	333	9.2
1990	4,204,565	38,682	9.2	344	8.2
1995	3,931,808	29,882	7.6	279	7.1
2000	4,081,437	28,162	6.9	399	9.8
2005	4,152,888	28,655	6.9	627	15.1
2010	4,007.631	26,450	6.6	714	17.8
2015	3,961,981	24,168	6.1	1418	35.8

Source: SSA, US

9. Maternal risk characteristics include unmarried status, adolescence, high parity and less than 12 years of education. The maternal mortality rate among black women (36.1 per 100,000 live births) is about 4 times the rate among white women (9.8 per 100,000 live births). This gap has widened since 2000. Statistics for 40 states and the District of Columbia, gleaned from death certificates, indicate that whereas the reported maternal mortality rate from 1999 to 2002 was 9.8 per 100,000 live births, it jumped to 20.8 per 100,000 live births for the period 2010 to 2013. The numbers in the latter period may have been affected by a small change in the forms that are filed when a person dies. Until relatively recently most states relied on a death certificate form that was created in 1989. A newer version of the form, released in 2003, added a dedicated question asking whether the person who died was currently or recently pregnant—effectively creating a flag for capturing maternal mortality. Specifically, this recently introduced question asks if the woman was pregnant within the past year, at the time of death or within 42 days of death. The statistical increase in maternal mortality is thought to mostly be the result of more accurate death reporting, however it could also be that new moms just need a little Cannabis sativa (marijuana) to quit the opiate addiction they acquired from the hospital birth epidural. Of the 3,404 deaths within a year of pregnancy termination, maternal mortality, that occurred during 2011-2012 and were reported to CDC, 1,329 were found to be pregnancy-related. Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death for children and adolescents. In 2014, 35 percent of deaths among adolescents ages 15–19 and 30 percent of deaths among children ages 1–14 were due to unintentional injuries. For both age groups, motor-vehicle-related (MVR) injury deaths are the leading type of unintentional injury death. Compared with younger children, adolescents have much higher death rates overall and from injuries, and are much more likely to die from injuries sustained in motor vehicle traffic crashes. In 2014, the MVR death rate for children ages 1–14 was 2.2 deaths per 100,000 population, representing 1,234 deaths. Among adolescents, the MVR death rate in 2014 was 11.9 deaths per 100,000 population, a total of 2,515 deaths. Between 1999 and 2014, the total MVR death rate for adolescents ages 15–19 declined from 26 deaths per 100,000 population to 12 deaths per 100,000 population. The only career more dangerous than logging is retiree. Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) reports that logging has the highest death rate of any career at a rate of about 100 per 100,000 per year, since the Mining Safety and Health Act of 1977 reduced the rate of mining accidents to less than 20 per 100,000 labor years. The average death rate for all careers studied by OSHA is about 3 deaths per 100,000. 10 per 100,000 disabled worker receiving social security. In peace-time there have been years where the entire 2.8 million US military did not report a single casualty – 50-100 crunches, 50-100 push-ups and 3-mile run.

10. The federal government has taxed estates since 1916, shortly after Congress enacted the modern income tax. Since 1976, federal law has imposed a linked set of wealth transfer taxes on estates, gifts and generation-skipping transfers (GSTs). The executor of an estate must file a federal estate tax return within nine months of a person's death if the gross estate exceeds an exempt amount. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act P.L. 115-97 went into effect on January 1, 2018 and Sec. 1601 doubles the estate and gift tax exemption amount doubles for decedents dying and gifts made after December 31, 2017, by increasing the basic exclusion amount from $5 million to $10 million. Under current law, the amount is indexed for inflation occurring after 2011. Sec. 1602 repeals the estate and generation-skipping transfer taxes for the estates of decedents dying or generation-skipping transfers after December 31, 2024. A tax, for which the personal representative of a decedent is responsible, was imposed on all estates under 26USC§2001(c). A credit is an amount that eliminates or reduces a tax. Under 26USC§2010(c) the exclusion amount from 2018 is $10,000,000. Therefore, estates valued less than $10 million are tax free. An estate tax assessed at 50% of gross value over the allowable amount, must be filed, if the gross value of the estate is more than the allowable amount - $10 million as of 2018. Gifts are likewise tax exempt if they are less than $10,000 in value, tuition or medical expenses paid for someone, gifts to spouses and charities are unlimited. Estate tax liability will total $23 billion, an average of approximately $1.5 million per taxable return, in 2008. After two increases in the exclusion amount to $5 million and then $10 million in 2018 it seems fair to cut estate tax estimates precisely in half from 2008, so that of the 2 million people who die in 2018 only 17,500 will file estate tax returns. Of these fewer than half, about 6,000 will owe any estate tax, 0.3% of decedents, the wealthiest 1 in 320 individuals who die in 2018 will owe estate tax. After increasing the exclusion to $10 million, it is estimated that estate tax liability will total an estimated $11.5 billion in 2018.

Sanders, Tony J. Chapter 7: National Cemeteries. 7^th ed. Hospitals & Asylums. HA-14-2-18. www.title24uscode.org/NCO.pdf