Hospitals & Asylums
Public Health Department
First Draft
HA-2-8-05, First Annual Draft HA-7-4-06, Second HA-7-4-07
Amending Title 24 US Code Chapter 9 Hospitalization of Mentally Ill Nationals Returned From Foreign Countries
A. This Chapter of
Hospitals & Asylums is re-titled, “Public Health Department (PHD)”, from
Hospitalization of Mentally Ill Nations Returned from Foreign Countries, Title
24 US Code Chapter
9 §321- §329 and expanded upon to
include a thorough study of federal and international public health to uphold
the World Health Organization (WHO) objective, “for the people to achieve the
highest possible level of health”.
1. Although the
public has not agreed on what reforms are needed according the Kaiser Family
Foundation Health Tracking Poll for the 2008 Elections 44% of US respondents
view health reform as one of the most important issues and 29% as the most
important issue in the Presidential campaign.
2. The theme for
World Health Day 7 April 2007 is International Health Security. The aim is to urge governments,
organizations and businesses to; invest in health, build a safer future.
B. To make
meaningful political reforms the health agenda from the perspective of the
United States Congress can be summarized, as,
1. Changing the name
of the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) to the Public Health
Department (PHD).
2. Transferring the
Drug Enforcement Authority (DEA) to the Health Department and International
Narcotics Control Board (INCB) to the World Health Organization (WHO).
3. Investing in
universal single payer health insurance that is free for everyone thanks to
taxation of income, including the richest, and pays for prevention, regular
medical and dental check ups, community health and community mental health to
reduce demand for expensive, dangerous and unnecessary hospitalization and
treatment.
4. Creating a
national Internet medical records system and improving public statistical
reporting of health facilities.
C. There were an estimated 6.6 billion people in the world
with an average life expectancy of 67.86 years in 2006 according the annually
updated HA
world vital statistics.
1. The longest life expectancy can
be found in Andorra where people live an average of 83.51 years, in Singapore
people live 81.71 years, in Hong Kong 81.5 years and in Japan 81.25 years. The US has an average life expectancy
of 77.85 years, 40th amongst 222 nations, and 14th
amongst nations with populations over a million. The shortest life expectancies can be found in Sub Saharan
Africa. In Swaziland, where 38.8% of
the population is infected with HIV/AIDS, the life expectancy is only 32.62 years. In Botswana, with HIV/AIDS infection rate of
37.3%, the life expectancy is 33.74 years and in Lesotho, with an HIV/AIDS
infection rate of 28.9%, the life expectancy is 34.4 years. Angola also has a low life expectancy of
38.82 years but with an AIDS rate of only 3.9% this must be attributed to other
chronic diseases and warfare.
2. The world population showed a
1.15% average growth rate with a birth rate of 30.53 and 13.32 deaths per
1,000. The lowest growth rate was in
Bulgaria at –0.86% that like 26 other nations showed a negative growth
rate. In Eastern Europe this can be attributed
to migration in pursuit of better paying jobs.
In Southern Africa population loss in some countries can be attributed
to people dying from HIV/AIDS that can be estimated to affect less than 1% of
the world population but up to 38.8% in Swaziland. The highest growth rate of 4.91% can be found in Liberia as the
result of high birth rates and returning refugees much like Burundi, Kuwait and
Montenegro where low mortality rates are fueling population growth. The average infant mortality rate was 38.44
per 1,000 with a high of 185.36 in Angola and low of 2.29 in Singapore.
3. It can be
calculated that 56,597,030 people died around the world in 2004. In 1998 the WHO Report on Leading Causes of
Death, Globally that can be found in the
Appendix to this Chapter, the most deadly diseases were, for all ages, Ischemic
hear disease claiming 7,375,408 lives, Cerebrovascular disease claiming
5,106,125. Acute lower respiratory
infections claiming 3,452,178. HIV/AIDS claiming 2,285,229. Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease claiming 2,249,252.
Diarrhoeal diseases claming 2,219,032.
Perinatal conditions claiming 2,155,000. Tuberculosis claiming 1,498,061.
Trachea/bronchus/ lung cancers claiming 1,244,407. Road traffic injuries claiming
1,170,694. Malaria claiming
1,110,293. Self-inflicted injuries
claiming 947,697. Measles claiming
887,671. Stomach cancers claiming
822,069. Cirrhosis of the liver
claiming 774,563
4. In
the US, with a population of 295 million, it is estimated that 2,416,425 people
died in 2001, 8.48 per 1,000. The
leading causes of death in the USA are diseases of the heart claiming 700,142
lives. Malignant neoplasms (cancer)
claiming 553,768. Cerebrovascular
diseases claiming 163,538. Chronic
lower respiratory diseases claiming 123,013.
Accidents (unintentional injuries) 101,537. diabetes mellitus claiming 71,372. Influenza and pneumonia claiming 62,034. Alzheimer’s disease claiming 53,852. Nephritis, nephritic syndrome and nephrosis
claiming 39,480. Septicema claiming 32,238. Suicide claiming 30,622. Chronic liver
disease and cirrhosis claiming 27,035.
Homicide claiming 20,308.
Hypertension and hypertensive renal disease claiming 19,250. Pneumonities due to solids and liquids
claiming 17,301. All other diseases
claiming 400,935 lives. In the US, not dissimilar to the rest of the world, in
2004 there were an estimated 250,000 deaths from what can loosely be construed
as medical malpractice and product liability. 12,000 from unnecessary surgery, 7,000 from medication errors in
hospitals, 20,000 from other errors in hospitals, 80,000 from infections in
hospitals, 106,000 from non-error, negative effects
of drugs making medical malpractice the third leading cause of death, ten times
the homicide rate. There are other estimates
where medical malpractice is the leading cause of death.
D. WHO reports that in 2002 as a
percentage of the GDP Equatorial Guinea had the lowest per capita expenditure
on health at 1.8% and the United States of America the highest at 14.6% HA-30-7-05. Whereas the theme for this World Health Day
is International Health
Security: invest in health, build a safer future, it is important to look at
the problem of investment in health. In
developing nations health investment is much needed and public health concerns
involving safe drinking water, sanitation, electrical power for refrigeration
and access to health care make the most effective use of limited funds to
provide maximum benefit for the lives of the people. In industrialized nations the health insurance system is a mix of
public and private insurance schemes that satisfy demand by health care
professionals but has the problem of representing its own financial interests
and policies must be shifted from public consolidation to private
diversification in order to combat corruption.
The Medicare Prescription Drug Plan has made progress and there is hope
to reign in high drug prices and improve the regulation of drugs to prevent
adverse drug reactions. Nearly 47 million Americans, more
than 15 percent of our population, now go without health insurance, up 6.8
million since 2000. Over 18,000 people in the U.S. die each year
due to lack of access to medical treatment. The Medicare program is the
second-largest social insurance program in the United States, with 42 million
beneficiaries and total expenditures of $309 billion in 2004. In
2004, 41.7 million people were covered by Medicare: 35.4 million aged 65 and
older, and 6.3 million disabled. Total benefits paid in 2004 were $303 billion.
Income was $318 billion, expenditures were $309 billion, and assets held in
special issue U.S. Treasury securities grew to $289 billion.
1. The Healthy America Act of 2005 S-4 includes a number of measures to slow the growth of health care costs, expand health insurance coverage, and improve access to quality health care for millions of Americans. Health care costs are growing rapidly, putting health insurance and needed care out of reach for too many Americans. Reforming the medical liability system to ensure fair and rapid compensation to injured patients, reduce frivolous lawsuits, and limit excessive damage awards. Promoting the rapid adoption and widespread use of individually owned, privacy protected electronic health records by fostering the development of standards through a public-private collaboration to enable the rapid and safe exchange of electronic patient information. The dream is to increase the number of neighborhood community health centers; and to strengthen primary and preventive care networks in underserved communities.
2. The Prescription Drug Plan derived from the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) makes the most dramatic and innovative changes to the Medicare program since it began in 1965. The Act sets forth to amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide for a voluntary corporately administrated program for prescription drug coverage under the Medicare Program Part
3. Executive
Order 13335 Incentives for the Use of Health Information
Technology and Establishing the Position of the National Health Information
Technology Coordinator Signed: April 27, 2004 encourages medical records to
be kept public unless a specific request by the patient, who must be informed
of this right, has been made for the confidentiality of such records setting
the stage for a national database of Internet medical records.
4. The most
ambitious health insurance plan is the National Health Insurance Act (or
Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act) H.R. 676 to provide all individuals
residing in the United States and in U.S. territories with free health care
that includes all medically necessary care, such as primary care and
prevention, prescription drugs, emergency care, and mental health services. It is estimated that society
would save close to $300 billion a year in healthcare costs--by eliminating
private insurers and their wasteful bureaucracies, advertising, commissions,
profiteering and multi-million dollar CEO salaries who would be assisted to
find new work. The USNHI Trust Fund would
finance the Program with amounts deposited: (1) from existing sources of
Government revenues for health care; (2) by increasing personal income taxes on
the top 5% income earners; (3) by instituting a progressive excise tax on
payroll and self-employment income; and (4) by instituting a small tax on stock
and bond transactions.
E. Martin Luther King, Jr., who was
assassinated by a gunman on 4 April 1968 said, "Of all the forms of
inequality, injustice in healthcare is the most shocking and inhumane”. The first annual draft of this chapter
reinforced this doctrine and the leader Director General Lee Jong-wook was
poisoned the day the before the Health Assembly HA-22-5-06. Besides health finance reform there are three major government
reforms needed to redress institutionalized injustice in the health sector for
which the philosophy of Hospitals & Asylums (HA) is helpful.
1. The most glaring problem facing our public health service is found in the title of this Chapter, the renaming the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) to the Public Health Department (PHD) and Secretary of Health and Human Services (SHHS) to either Medical Director (MD) or Secretary of the PHD. Establishing a PHD would fulfill the requirements for graduation from Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) the utopian school of thought founded on 11 April 1953 that our nation dropped out of when DHHS was founded in PL96-88 on Oct. 17, 1979. At first it was headed by a woman SHHS and there were few complaints. Over time however the psychological brainwashing of the acronyms began to sink in and corruption, extortion, bio-terrorism and organized crime in regards to medical malpractice and judicial conspiracy typical of dysfunctional bureaucracies became endemic. It is high time that our health department graduated from HEW with their PHD.
2. The breech of
security that seems to have elicited this declaration of DHHS is the Drug
Enforcement Administration (DEA) that was founded under the Controlled
Substances Act (CSA) of
1971 to regulate the drug trade. The
problem is that the ultimate authority of the DEA is given to the Attorney
General who is neither competent to regulate the pharmaceutical drug trade or
rehabilitate drug addicts. Scrutiny of
the regime in Independent Drug Enforcement Administration IDEA-9-11-01 has led to the
conclusion that the DEA and CSA must be transferred to the Secretary of Health
and Human Services where the agency could work in co-operation with the FDA and
medical associations to better regulate the pharmaceutical drug trade whose
mismanagement takes over 100,000 lives a year in comparison to the 3,000 lost
to illicit drug overdoses. The
International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) is similarly seized by the UN
Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and needs to be transferred to the World
Health Organization (WHO). The ongoing
civil wars in Colombia and Afghanistan and US prison population whose drug
prisoners alone outnumber all prisoners in Western Europe demonstrate how
futile it is to doubly finance the armed forces to redress the problem of
unregulated drugs that needs to be regulated by health. For a peaceful and free society drugs must
be firmly regulated by the health sector where there is professional knowledge
of drugs and treatment for adverse drugs reactions and addiction.
3. The World Health
Organization (WHO) has two cosmetic reforms of lesser merit to psychological
warfare than those in the United States, and one major betrayal of world peace,
to debate. First, the Health Assembly
resolutions would be more beautiful if they would be indexed with the HA –
number, whereas laughter is the best medicine.
Second, it might be counterproductive to name the leader of the
organization Director “General” whereas the military title is certain to
generate misunderstanding about the peaceful intentions of the organization
that counts all the mortalities in the world.
Third, of major importance to world peace, the aforementioned transfer
of the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) to the World Health
Organization (WHO) to regulate drugs with health and establish National Opium
Agencies in war torn regions dependent upon prohibited crops, who were
undermined by the treason against drugs.
F. The World
Health Report 2006 - Working together for health HA-14-4-06 contains an
expert assessment focusing on all stages of the health workers' career lifespan
from entry to health training, to job recruitment through to retirement, the
report lays out a ten-year action plan in which countries can build their
health workforces, with the support of global partners. WHO estimates there to be a total of
59.2 million full-time paid health workers worldwide. Almost all countries suffer from mal-distribution characterized
by urban concentration and rural deficits, but these imbalances are perhaps
most disturbing from a regional perspective. The WHO Region of the Americas,
with 10% of the global burden of disease, has 37% of the world’s health workers
spending more than 50% of the world’s health financing, whereas the African
Region has 24% of the burden but only 3% of health workers commanding less than
1% of world health expenditure. The report reveals an estimated shortage of almost 4.3
million doctors, midwives, nurses and support workers worldwide. The shortage
is most severe in the poorest countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa,
where health workers are most needed and the life expectancy has actually
reversed in the past two decades. 57 countries that fall below this
threshold and which fail to attain the 80% coverage level are defined as having
a critical shortage. Thirty-six of them are in sub-Saharan Africa.
1.
In this first decade of the 21st century, immense advances in human well-being
coexist with extreme deprivation. In global health we are witnessing the
benefits of new medicines and technologies. But there are unprecedented
reversals. What is needed now is
political will to implement national plans, together with international
cooperation to align resources, harness knowledge and build robust health
systems for treating and preventing disease and promoting population
health. At the heart of each and every
health system, the workforce is central to advancing health. There is ample
evidence that worker numbers and quality are positively associated with
immunization coverage, outreach of primary care, and infant, child and maternal
survival. The quality of doctors and the density of their distribution have
been shown to correlate with positive outcomes in cardiovascular diseases. Cutting-edge quality improvements of health
care are best initiated by workers themselves because they are in the unique
position of identifying opportunities for innovation. LEE Jong-wook Director General of the WHO at the High-Level Forum,
Paris, November 2005 stated, “We have
to work together to ensure access to a motivated, skilled, and supported health
worker by every person in every village everywhere.”
2. Financing policies, technological advances and consumer expectations can dramatically shift demands on the workforce in health systems. Workers seek opportunities and job security in dynamic health labour markets that are part of the global political economy. The spreading HIV/AIDS epidemic imposes huge work burdens, risks and threats. Expanding labour markets have intensified professional concentration in urban areas and accelerated international migration from the poorest to the wealthiest countries. The consequent workforce crisis in many of the poorest countries is characterized by severe shortages, inappropriate skill mixes, and gaps in service coverage. Based on these estimates, there are currently 57 countries with critical shortages equivalent to a global deficit of 2.4 million doctors, nurses and midwives to achieve the Health related Millennium Development Goals. This crisis has the potential to deepen in the coming years. Demand for service providers will escalate markedly in all countries - rich and poor. Richer countries face a future of low fertility and large populations of elderly people, which will cause a shift towards chronic and degenerative diseases with high care demands. In poorer countries, large cohorts of young people (1 billion adolescents) will join an increasingly ageing population, both groups rapidly urbanizing. Many of these countries are dealing with unfinished agendas of infectious disease and the rapid emergence of chronic illness complicated by the magnitude of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The availability of effective vaccines and drugs to cope with these health threats imposes huge practical and moral imperatives to respond effectively.
G. This Chapter consolidates important issues for public health that are primarily to get trained health care professionals and supplies to people in need and to eliminate corruption in the health sector through parliamentary debate and literate dispute resolution to eliminate the dependency upon the courts that always leads to organized crime. The statute that is already on the books pertaining to the Hospitalization of Mentally Ill National Returned from Foreign Countries makes great progress limiting the original sin of the health establishment, psychiatric hospitalization. Hospital administrators and health professionals have the challenge of being adequately educated, financed and supplied to meet the demand for health care without being exortionate spreaders of disease and fake remedies. In conclusion to this introduction US health gets a “D” for being corrupt in all cases, at all levels and cancerous in the spread bioterrorism and medical malpractice, the only consolation is that their buddy justice flunked out of school while health dropped out, after criticism the medical establishment can perform corporately but the individual is likely to be either ignored, victimized or have their moral consciounse tainted. WHO gets a “B” for covering up the assassination of Lee Jong wook who we all mourn but we have come to doubt the security of international health. Service to the US departments of health is terminated and they are charged to finance mental health reform (the PHD and DEA), lower cost community health, community mental health, emergency treatment, research, dental and medical check ups for the poor.
Country |
Population |
Growth |
Births per ,000 |
Deaths per ,000 |
Migr ation per ,000 |
Infant Mort ality per ,000 |
Life Expec tancy |
AIDS rate |
Literacy |
Detain ees Per 00,000 |
31,056,997 |
2.67% |
46.6 |
20.34 |
21.43 |
160.2 |
43.34 |
|
36% |
32 |
|
3,581,655 |
0.52% |
15.11 |
5.22 |
-4.67 |
20.75 |
77.43 |
|
86.5% |
111 |
|
32,930,091 |
1.22% |
17.14 |
4.61 |
-0.35 |
29.87 |
73.26 |
0.1% |
70% |
127 |
|
70,549 |
0.95% |
9 |
6.07 |
6.53 |
4.05 |
83.51 |
|
100% |
84 |
|
12,127,071 |
2.45% |
45.11 |
24.2 |
3.55 |
185.36 |
38.62 |
3.9% |
66.8% |
44 |
|
13,254 |
1.77% |
14.26 |
5.43 |
8.83 |
21.03 |
77.11 |
|
95% |
|
|
68,722 |
0.57% |
17.26 |
5.44 |
-6.11 |
19.46 |
71.9 |
|
89% |
176 |
|
39,921,833 |
0.96% |
16.73 |
7.55 |
0.4 |
14.73 |
76.12 |
0.7% |
97.1% |
140 |
|
2,976,372 |
-0.19 |
12.07 |
8.23 |
-5.72 |
22.47 |
71.84 |
0.1% |
98.6% |
89 |
|
71,566 |
0.47% |
11.26 |
6.57 |
0 |
5.89 |
79.14 |
|
97% |
231 |
|
20,264,082 |
0.85% |
12.14 |
7.51 |
3.85 |
4.63 |
80.5 |
0.1% |
99% |
125 |
|
8,192,880 |
0.09% |
8.74 |
9.76 |
1.94 |
4.6 |
79.07 |
0.3% |
98% |
105 |
|
7,961,619 |
0.66% |
20.74 |
9.75 |
-4.38 |
79 |
64.41 |
<0.1% |
98.8% |
202 |
|
301,790 |
0.67% |
17.87 |
8.97 |
-2.18 |
25.21 |
65.54 |
3% |
95.6% |
462 |
|
698,585 |
1.45% |
17.8 |
4.14 |
0.82 |
16.8 |
74.45 |
0.2% |
89.1% |
95 |
|
147,365,352 |
2.09% |
29.8 |
8.27 |
-0.68 |
60.83 |
62.46 |
<0.1% |
43.1% |
50 |
|
279,254 |
0.33% |
12.83 |
9.17 |
-0.31 |
12.5 |
71.41 |
1.5% |
97.4% |
367 |
|
10,293,011 |
-0.06% |
11.16 |
14.02 |
2.3 |
13 |
69.08 |
0.3% |
99.6% |
426 |
|
10,379,067 |
0.13% |
10.38 |
10.27 |
1.22 |
4.62 |
78.77 |
0.2% |
99% |
91 |
|
287,730 |
2.31% |
28.84 |
5.72 |
0 |
24.89 |
68.3 |
2.4% |
94.1% |
505 |
|
7,862,944 |
2.73% |
38.85 |
12.22 |
0.67 |
79.56 |
53.04 |
1.9% |
33.6% |
75 |
|
65,365 |
0.64% |
11.6 |
7.63 |
2.45 |
8.53 |
77.79 |
|
98% |
464 |
|
2,279,723 |
2.1% |
33.65 |
12.7 |
0 |
98.41 |
54.78 |
<0.1% |
47% |
|
|
8,989,046 |
1.45% |
23.3 |
7.53 |
-1.22 |
51.77 |
65.84 |
0.1% |
87.2% |
83 |
|
4,498,976 |
1.35% |
8.77 |
8.27 |
13.01 |
9.82 |
78 |
0.1% |
94.6% |
61 |
|
1,639,833 |
-0.4% |
23.08 |
29.5 |
6.07 |
53.7 |
33.74 |
37.3% |
79.8% |
348 |
|
188,078,227 |
1.04% |
16.56 |
6.17 |
-0.03 |
28.6 |
71.97 |
0.7% |
86.4% |
193 |
|
22,643 |
2.06% |
14.96 |
4.42 |
10.01 |
18.05 |
76.27 |
|
97.8% |
105 |
|
372,361 |
1.9% |
19.01 |
3.42 |
3.45 |
12.61 |
74.8 |
<0.1% |
93.9% |
140 |
|
7,385,367 |
-0.86% |
9.65 |
14.27 |
-4.01 |
19.85 |
72.3 |
0.1% |
98.6% |
148 |
|
14,343,072 |
3% |
44.62 |
15.6 |
0 |
91.35 |
48.85 |
4.2% |
26.6% |
23 |
|
47,382,633 |
0.81% |
17.91 |
9.83 |
0 |
61.85 |
60.97 |
1.2% |
85.3% |
120 |
|
8,090,068 |
3.7% |
42.22 |
13.36 |
8.22[1] |
63.13 |
50.81 |
6% |
51.6% |
106 |
|
13,881,427 |
1.78% |
26.9 |
9.06 |
0 |
68.78 |
59.29 |
2.6% |
73.6% |
58 |
|
17,340,702 |
2.04% |
33.89 |
13.47 |
0 |
63.52 |
51.16 |
6.9% |
79% |
125 |
|
33,098,932 |
0.88% |
10.78 |
7.8 |
5.85 |
4.69 |
80.22 |
0.3% |
99% |
107 |
|
420,979 |
0.64% |
24.87 |
6.55 |
-11.99 |
46.52 |
70.73 |
0.035% |
76.6% |
178 |
|
44,270 |
2.64% |
12.93 |
4.81 |
18.25[2] |
8.19 |
79.95 |
|
98% |
234 |
|
4,303,356 |
1.53% |
33.91 |
18.65 |
0 |
85.63 |
43.54 |
13.5% |
51% |
110 |
|
9,944,201 |
2.93% |
45.73 |
16.38 |
-0.11 |
91.45 |
47.52 |
4.8% |
47.5% |
35 |
|
16,134,219 |
0.94% |
15.23 |
5.81 |
0 |
8.58 |
76.77 |
0.3% |
96.2% |
249 |
|
1,313,973,713 |
0.59% |
13.25 |
6.97 |
-0.39 |
23.12 |
72.58 |
0.1% |
90.9% |
118 |
|
43,593,035 |
1.46% |
20.48 |
5.58 |
-0.3 |
20.35 |
71.99 |
0.7% |
92.5% |
131 |
|
690,948 |
2.87% |
36.93 |
8.2 |
0 |
72.85 |
62.23 |
0.12% |
56.5% |
30 |
|
3,702,314 |
2.6% |
42.57 |
12.93 |
-3.62 |
85.29 |
52.8 |
4.9% |
83.8% |
22 |
|
62,660,551 |
3.07% |
43.69 |
13.27 |
0.23 |
88.62 |
51.46 |
4.2% |
65.5% |
57 |
|
21,388 |
0 |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
95% |
126 |
|
4,075,261 |
1.45% |
18.32 |
4.36 |
0.49 |
9.7 |
77.02 |
0.6% |
96% |
193 |
|
17,654,843 |
2.03% |
35.11 |
14.84 |
0 |
89.11 |
48.82 |
7% |
50.9% |
49 |
|
4,494,749 |
-0.03% |
9.61 |
11.48 |
1.58 |
6.72 |
74.69 |
0.1% |
98.5% |
87 |
|
11,382,820 |
0.31% |
11.89 |
7.22 |
-1.57 |
6.22 |
77.41 |
<0.1% |
97% |
487 |
|
784,301 |
0.53% |
12.56 |
7.68 |
0.42 |
7.04 |
77.82 |
0.1% |
97.6% |
76 |
|
10,235,455 |
-0.06% |
9.02 |
10.59 |
0.97 |
3.89 |
76.22 |
0.1% |
99% |
183 |
|
5,450,661 |
0.33% |
11.13 |
10.36 |
2.52 |
4.51 |
77.79 |
0.2% |
99% |
77 |
|
486,530 |
2.02% |
39.53 |
19.31 |
0 |
102.44 |
43.17 |
2.9% |
67.9% |
61 |
|
68,910 |
-0.08 |
15.27 |
6.73 |
-9.3 |
13.71 |
74.87 |
|
94% |
419 |
|
9,183,984 |
1.47% |
23.22 |
5.73 |
-2.79 |
28.25 |
71.73 |
1.7% |
84.7% |
143 |
|
1,062,777 |
2.08% |
26.99 |
6.24 |
0 |
45.89 |
66.26 |
|
58.6% |
41 |
|
13,547,510 |
1.5% |
22.29 |
4.23 |
-3.11 |
22.87 |
76.42 |
0.3% |
92.5% |
93 |
|
78,887,007 |
1.75% |
22.94 |
5.23 |
-0.21 |
31.33 |
71.29 |
<0.1% |
57.7% |
87 |
|
6,822,378 |
1.72% |
26.61 |
5.78 |
-3.61 |
24.39 |
71.49 |
|
80.2% |
174 |
|
540,109 |
2.05% |
35.59 |
15.06 |
0 |
89.21 |
49.54 |
3.4% |
85.7% |
|
|
4,786,994 |
2.47% |
34.33 |
9.6 |
0 |
46.3 |
59.03 |
2.7% |
58.6% |
|
|
1,324,333 |
-0.64% |
10.04 |
13.25 |
-3.2 |
7.73 |
72.04 |
1.1% |
99.8% |
333 |
|
74,777,981 |
2.31% |
37.98 |
14.86 |
0 |
93.62 |
49.05 |
4.4% |
42.7% |
92 |
|
2,967 |
2.44% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
893,354 |
1.4% |
22.73 |
5.65 |
-3.04 |
12.62 |
69.53 |
0.1% |
93.7% |
131 |
|
5,231,372 |
0.14% |
10.45 |
9.86 |
0.84 |
3.55 |
78.5 |
0.1% |
100% |
75 |
|
62,752,136 |
0.35% |
11.99 |
9.14 |
0.66 |
4.21 |
79.73 |
0.4% |
99% |
85 |
|
199,509 |
1.96% |
20.46 |
4.88 |
4.01 |
11.76 |
77.27 |
|
83% |
315 |
|
1,424,906 |
2.13% |
36.16 |
12.25 |
-2.65 |
54.51 |
54.49 |
8.1% |
63.2% |
|
|
1,641,564 |
2.84% |
39.37 |
12.25 |
1.29 |
71.58 |
54.14 |
1.2% |
40.1% |
30 |
|
4,661,473 |
-0.34% |
10.41 |
9.23 |
-4.54 |
17.97 |
76.09 |
<0.1% |
100% |
276 |
|
82,422,299 |
-0.02% |
8.25 |
10.62 |
2.18 |
4.12 |
78.8 |
0.1% |
99% |
94 |
|
22,409,572 |
2.07% |
30.52 |
9.72 |
-0.11 |
55.02 |
58.87 |
3.1% |
74.8% |
55 |
|
10,688,058 |
0.18% |
9.68 |
10.24 |
2.34 |
5.43 |
79.24 |
0.2% |
97.5% |
90 |
|
89,703 |
0.26% |
22.08 |
6.88 |
-12.59 |
14.27 |
64.87 |
|
96% |
265 |
|
448,713 |
0.92% |
15.42 |
6.06 |
-0.15 |
8.6 |
77.9 |
|
90% |
158 |
|
168,564 |
1.46% |
19.03 |
4.41 |
0 |
6.94 |
78.4 |
|
99% |
345 |
|
12,293,545 |
2.27% |
29.88 |
5.2 |
-1.94 |
30.94 |
69.38 |
1.1% |
70.6% |
54 |
|
9,690,222 |
2.63% |
41.76 |
15.48 |
0 |
90 |
49.5 |
3.2% |
35.9% |
37 |
|
1,442,029 |
2.07% |
37.22 |
16.53 |
0 |
105.21 |
46.87 |
10% |
42.4% |
|
|
767,245 |
0.25% |
18.28 |
8.28 |
-7.49 |
32.19 |
65.86 |
2.5% |
98.8% |
260 |
|
8,308,504 |
2.3 |
36.44 |
12.17 |
-1.31 |
71.65 |
53.23 |
5.6% |
52.9% |
52 |
|
932 |
0.01% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7,326,496 |
2.16% |
28.24 |
5.28 |
-1.39 |
25.82 |
69.33 |
1.8% |
76.2% |
161 |
|
6,898,686 |
0.65% |
7.23 |
5.98 |
5.24 |
2.97 |
81.5 |
0.1% |
93.5% |
168 |
|
9,981,334 |
-0.25% |
9.72 |
13.11 |
0.86 |
8.39 |
72.66 |
0.1% |
99.4% |
156 |
|
299,388 |
0.87% |
13.64 |
6.72 |
1.74 |
3.29 |
80.31 |
0.2% |
99% |
40 |
|
1,095,351,995 |
1.38% |
22.01 |
8.18 |
-0.07 |
54.63 |
64.71 |
0.9% |
59.5% |
30 |
|
245,452,739 |
1.41% |
20.34 |
6.25 |
0 |
34.39 |
69.87 |
0.1% |
87.9% |
45 |
|
68,688,433 |
1.1% |
17 |
5.55 |
-0.48 |
40.3 |
70.26 |
0.1% |
79.4% |
214 |
|
26,783,383 |
2.66% |
31.98 |
5.37 |
0 |
48.63 |
69.01 |
<0.1% |
40.4% |
35 |
|
4,062,235 |
1.15% |
14.45 |
7.82 |
4.87 |
5.31 |
77.73 |
0.1% |
99% |
72 |
|
6,352,117 |
1.18% |
17.97 |
6.18 |
0 |
6.89 |
79.46 |
0.1% |
95.4% |
209 |
|
58,133,509 |
0.04% |
8.72 |
10.4 |
2.06 |
5.83 |
79.81 |
0.5% |
98.6% |
104 |
|
2,758,124 |
0.8% |
20.82 |
6.52 |
-6.27 |
15.98 |
73.24 |
1.2% |
87.9% |
182 |
|
127,463,611 |
0.02% |
9.37 |
9.16 |
0 |
3.24 |
81.25 |
<0.1% |
99% |
62 |
|
5,906,760 |
2.49% |
21.25 |
2.65 |
6.26 |
16.76 |
78.4 |
<0.1% |
91.3% |
104 |
|
15,233,244 |
0.33% |
16 |
9.42 |
-3.33 |
28.3 |
66.89 |
0.2% |
98.4% |
340 |
|
34,707,817 |
2.57% |
39.72 |
14.02 |
0 |
59.26 |
48.93 |
6.7% |
85.1% |
130 |
|
103,092 |
2.25% |
30.86 |
8.37 |
0 |
48.52 |
61.71 |
|
|
72 |
|
23,113,019 |
0.84% |
15.54 |
7.13 |
0 |
23.29 |
71.65 |
|
99% |
|
|
48,846,823 |
0.42% |
10 |
5.85 |
0 |
6.16 |
77.07 |
<0.1% |
97.9% |
97 |
|
36,200,000 |
1.4% |
20.10 |
5.75 |
0 |
42.00 |
70.10 |
0.1% |
75% |
|
|
2,418,393 |
3.52% |
21.94 |
2.41 |
15.66 |
9.71 |
77.2 |
0.12% |
83.5% |
130 |
|
5,213,898 |
1.32% |
22.8 |
7.08 |
-2.5 |
34.49 |
68.49 |
<0.1% |
98.7% |
292 |
|
6,368,481 |
2.39% |
35.49 |
11.55 |
0 |
83.31 |
55.49 |
0.1% |
66.4% |
69 |
|
2,274,735 |
-0.67% |
9.24 |
13.66 |
-2.26 |
9.35 |
71.33 |
0.6% |
99.8% |
292 |
|
3,874,050 |
1.23% |
18.52 |
6.21 |
0 |
23.72 |
72.88 |
0.1% |
87.4% |
168 |
|
2,022,331 |
-0.46% |
24.75 |
28.71 |
-0.68 |
87.24 |
34.4 |
28.9% |
84.8% |
156 |
|
3,653,187[3] |
4.91% |
44.71 |
23.1 |
27.39 |
155.76 |
39.65 |
5.9% |
57.5% |
|
|
5,900,754 |
2.3% |
26.49 |
3.48 |
0 |
23.71 |
76.69 |
0.3% |
82.6% |
207 |
|
33,987 |
0.78% |
10.21 |
7.18 |
4.77 |
4.64 |
79.68 |
|
100% |
29 |
|
3,585,906 |
-0.3% |
8.75 |
10.98 |
-0.71 |
6.78 |
74.2 |
0.1% |
99.6% |
235 |
|
474,413 |
1.23% |
11.94 |
8.41 |
8.75 |
4.74 |
78.89 |
0.2% |
100% |
167 |
|
449,198 |
0.87% |
8.04 |
4.23 |
4.86 |
4.39 |
82.12 |
|
94.5% |
199 |
|
2,050,554 |
0.26% |
12.02 |
8.77 |
-0.65 |
9.81 |
73.97 |
0.1% |
96.1% |
99 |
|
18,595,469 |
3.03% |
41.41 |
11.11 |
0 |
75.21 |
57.34 |
1.7% |
68.9% |
107 |
|
13,013,926 |
2.38% |
43.13 |
19.33 |
0 |
94.37 |
41.3 |
14.2% |
62.7% |
74 |
|
24,385,858 |
1.78% |
22.86 |
5.05 |
0 |
17.16 |
72.5 |
0.4% |
88.7% |
141 |
|
359,008 |
2.78% |
34.81 |
7.06 |
0 |
54.89 |
64.06 |
0.1% |
97.2% |
343 |
|
13,007,000[4] |
2.63% |
49.82 |
16.82 |
-6.6 |
107.58 |
49 |
1.9% |
46.4% |
33 |
|
400,214 |
0.42% |
10.22 |
8.1 |
2.05 |
3.86 |
79.01 |
0.2% |
92.8% |
86 |
|
59,071 |
2.27% |
33.52 |
4.88 |
-5.91 |
29.45 |
70.01 |
|
93.7% |
73 |
|
432,900 |
0.76% |
14.14 |
6.44 |
-0.04 |
7.09 |
79.04 |
|
97.7% |
163 |
|
3,177,388 |
2.88% |
40.99 |
12.16 |
0 |
69.48 |
53.12 |
0.6% |
41.7% |
26 |
|
1,240,827 |
0.82% |
15.43 |
6.86 |
-0.4 |
14.59 |
72.63 |
0.1% |
85.6% |
205 |
|
107,449,525 |
1.16% |
20.69 |
4.74 |
-4.32 |
20.26 |
75.41 |
0.3% |
92.2% |
196 |
|
108,105 |
-0.08% |
25.11 |
4.87 |
-21.01 |
30.21 |
69.75 |
|
89% |
79 |
|
4,466,706 |
0.28% |
15.7 |
12.65 |
-0.23 |
38.38 |
65.65 |
0.2% |
99.1% |
247 |
|
32,409 |
0.43% |
9.26 |
12.71 |
7.71 |
5.43 |
79.57 |
|
99% |
102 |
|
2,832,224 |
1.46% |
21.59 |
6.95 |
0 |
52.12 |
64.89 |
<0.1% |
97.8% |
269 |
|
630,548 |
3.5% |
12.6 |
9.2 |
|
|
74 |
|
|
108 |
|
9,341 |
1.04% |
17.56 |
7.17 |
0 |
7.35 |
78.71 |
|
97% |
|
|
33,241,259 |
1.55% |
21.98 |
5.58 |
-0.87 |
40.42 |
70.94 |
0.1% |
51.7% |
161 |
|
19,686,505 |
1.38% |
35.18 |
21.35 |
0 |
129.24 |
39.82 |
12.2% |
47.8% |
51 |
|
2,044,147 |
0.59% |
24.32 |
18.86 |
0.47 |
48.1 |
43.39 |
21.3% |
84% |
267 |
|
13,048 |
1.83% |
25.14 |
6.82 |
0 |
9.95 |
62.73 |
|
|
23 |
|
28,287,147 |
2.17% |
30.98 |
9.31 |
0 |
65.38 |
60.18 |
0.5% |
48.6% |
26 |
|
16,491,461 |
0.49% |
10.9 |
8.68 |
2.72 |
4.96 |
78.96 |
0.2% |
99% |
128 |
|
219,958 |
0.82% |
15 |
6.41 |
-0.4 |
10.03 |
75.83 |
|
96.7% |
364 |
|
216,494 |
1.28% |
18.49 |
5.65 |
0 |
7.72 |
74.04 |
|
91% |
131 |
|
4,076,140 |
0.99% |
13.76 |
7.53 |
3.63 |
5.76 |
78.81 |
0.1% |
99% |
183 |
|
5,570,129 |
1.89% |
24.51 |
4.45 |
-1.17 |
28.11 |
70.63 |
0.2% |
67.5% |
114 |
|
12,525,094 |
2.92% |
50.73 |
21.91 |
-0.61 |
118.25 |
43.76 |
1.2% |
17.6% |
46 |
|
131,859,731 |
2.38% |
40.43 |
16.94 |
0.27 |
97.14 |
47.08 |
5.4 |
68% |
30 |
|
2,166 |
0 |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
95% |
|
|
80,362 |
2.61% |
19.51 |
2.3 |
8.92 |
7.11 |
75.88 |
|
97% |
183 |
|
4,610,820 |
0.38% |
11.46 |
9.4 |
1.73 |
3.67 |
79.54 |
0.1% |
100% |
66 |
|
3,102,229 |
3.28% |
36.24 |
3.81 |
0.35 |
18.89 |
73.37 |
0.1% |
75.8% |
81 |
|
165,803,560 |
2.09% |
29.74 |
8.23 |
-0.59 |
72.44 |
70.45 |
0.1% |
48.7% |
57 |
|
20,303 |
1.39% |
18.37 |
6.85 |
2.36 |
14.84 |
70.14 |
|
92% |
478 |
|
3,889,249 |
3.385% |
35.56 |
3.86 |
2.14 |
20.78 |
72.62 |
0.1% |
91.9% |
|
|
3,191,319 |
1.6% |
21.74 |
5.36 |
-0.4 |
16.37 |
75.22 |
0.9% |
92.6% |
364 |
|
5,670,544 |
2.21% |
29.36 |
7.25 |
0 |
49.96 |
65.28 |
0.6% |
64.6% |
69 |
|
6,506,464 |
2.45% |
29.1 |
4.49 |
-0.08 |
24.78 |
75.1 |
0.5% |
94% |
86 |
|
28,302,603 |
1.32% |
20.48 |
6.23 |
-1.01 |
30.94 |
69.84 |
0.5% |
87.7% |
126 |
|
89,468,677 |
1.8% |
24.89 |
5.41 |
-1.48 |
22.81 |
70.21 |
<0.1% |
92.6% |
108 |
|
38,536,869 |
-0.05% |
9.85 |
9.89 |
-0.46 |
7.22 |
74.97 |
0.1% |
99.8% |
237 |
|
10,605,870 |
0.36% |
10.72 |
10.5 |
3.4 |
4.98 |
77.7 |
0.4% |
93.3% |
120 |
|
3,927,188 |
0.4% |
12.77 |
7.65 |
-1.14 |
9.14 |
78.4 |
|
94.1% |
356 |
|
885,359 |
2.5% |
15.56 |
4.72 |
14.12 |
18.04 |
73.9 |
|
89% |
55 |
|
22,303,552 |
-0.12% |
10.7 |
11.77 |
-0.13 |
25.5 |
71.63 |
0.1% |
98.4% |
157 |
|
142,893,540 |
-0.37% |
9.95 |
14.65 |
1.03 |
15.13 |
67.08 |
1.1% |
99.6% |
613 |
|
8,648,248 |
2.43% |
40.37 |
16.09 |
0 |
89.61 |
47.3 |
5.1% |
70.4% |
152 |
|
7,460 |
0.59% |
12.33 |
6.43 |
0 |
19 |
77.76 |
|
97% |
|
|
39,129 |
0.5% |
18.02 |
8.33 |
-4.7 |
14.12 |
72.4 |
|
97.8% |
547 |
|
166,312 |
1.28% |
20.05 |
5.12 |
-2.19 |
13.53 |
73.61 |
|
67% |
303 |
|
7,012 |
0.21% |
13.83 |
6.7 |
-4.49 |
7.54 |
78.46 |
|
99% |
|
|
117,534 |
0.27% |
16.34 |
6 |
-7.61 |
14.78 |
73.62 |
|
96% |
312 |
|
177,287 |
-0.23% |
15.95 |
6.54 |
-11.73 |
27.71 |
70.72 |
|
99.7% |
123 |
|
57,881 |
-0.11% |
23.13 |
3.33 |
-20.89 |
9.27 |
75.84 |
|
97% |
384 |
|
29,251 |
1.26% |
10.02 |
8.17 |
10.7 |
5.63 |
81.71 |
|
96% |
|
|
193,413 |
3.15% |
40.25 |
6.47 |
-2.32 |
41.83 |
67.31 |
|
79.3% |
82 |
|
27,019,731 |
2.18% |
29.34 |
2.58 |
-4.94 |
12.81 |
75.67 |
0.01% |
78.8% |
132 |
|
11,987,121 |
2.34% |
32.78 |
9.42 |
0% |
52.94 |
59.25 |
0.8% |
40.2% |
54 |
|
9,396,411 |
|
|
|
|
|
74 |
|
96.4% |
104 |
|
81,542 |
0.43% |
16.03 |
6.29 |
-5.4 |
15.14 |
72.08 |
|
91.9% |
239 |
|
6,005,250 |
2.3% |
45.76 |
23.03 |
0.23 |
160.39 |
40.22 |
7% |
29.6% |
32 |
|
4,492,150 |
1.42% |
9.34 |
4.28 |
9.12 |
2.29 |
81.71 |
0.2% |
92.5% |
350 |
|
5,439,448 |
0.15% |
10.65 |
9.45 |
0.3 |
7.26 |
74.73 |
0.1% |
99.6% |
158 |
|
2,010,347 |
-0.05% |
8.98 |
10.31 |
0.88 |
4.4 |
76.33 |
0.1% |
99.7% |
65 |
|
538,032 |
2.68% |
30.74 |
3.98 |
0 |
21.29 |
72.66 |
|
|
62 |
|
8,863,338 |
2.85% |
45.13 |
16.63 |
0 |
114.89 |
48.47 |
1% |
37.8% |
|
|
44,187,637 |
-0.4% |
18.2 |
22 |
-0.16 |
60.66 |
42.73 |
21.5% |
86.4% |
336 |
|
40,397,842 |
0.13% |
10.06 |
9.72 |
0.99 |
4.37 |
79.65 |
0.7% |
97.9% |
145 |
|
20,222,240 |
0.78% |
15.51 |
6.52 |
-1.23 |
13.97 |
73.41 |
<0.1% |
92.3% |
114 |
|
41,236,378 |
2.55% |
34.53 |
8.97 |
-0.02 |
61.05 |
58.92 |
2.3% |
61.1% |
36 |
|
439,117 |
0.2% |
18.02 |
7.27 |
-8.76 |
23.02 |
69.01 |
1.7% |
88% |
356 |
|
1,136,334 |
-0.23% |
27.41 |
29.74 |
0 |
71.85 |
32.62 |
38.8% |
81.6% |
249 |
|
9,016,596 |
0.16% |
10.27 |
10.31 |
1.66 |
2.76 |
80.51 |
0.1% |
99% |
82 |
|
7,523,934 |
0.43% |
9.71 |
8.49 |
3.12 |
4.34 |
80.51 |
0.4% |
99% |
83 |
|
18,881,361 |
2.3% |
27.76 |
4.81 |
0 |
28.61 |
70.32 |
<0.1% |
76.9% |
58 |
|
23,036,087 |
0.61% |
12.56 |
6.48 |
0 |
6.29 |
77.43 |
|
96.1% |
259 |
|
7,320,815 |
2.19% |
32.65 |
8.25 |
-2.48 |
106.5 |
64.56 |
<0.1% |
99.4% |
164 |
|
37,445,392 |
1.83% |
37.71 |
16.39 |
-3.05 |
96.48 |
45.64 |
8.8% |
78.2% |
113 |
|
64,631,595 |
0.68% |
13.87 |
7.04 |
0 |
19.49 |
72.25 |
1.5% |
92.6% |
256 |
|
5,548,702 |
2.72% |
37.01 |
9.83 |
0 |
60.63 |
57.42 |
4.1% |
60.9% |
65 |
|
1,405 |
-0.01% |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
112,422 |
1.98% |
25.18 |
5.35 |
0 |
12.62 |
69.53 |
|
98.9% |
114 |
|
1,088,644 |
-0.74% |
12.81 |
9.37 |
-10.87 |
24.31 |
68.91 |
3.2% |
98.6% |
296 |
|
10,175,014 |
0.99% |
15.52 |
5.13 |
-0.5 |
24.77 |
75.12 |
<0.1% |
74.3% |
263 |
|
70,413,958 |
1.06% |
16.62 |
5.97 |
0 |
39.69 |
72.36 |
<0.1% |
86.5% |
91 |
|
5,042,920 |
1.83% |
27.61 |
8.6 |
-0.75 |
72.56 |
61.85 |
<0.1% |
98.8% |
489 |
|
20,556 |
2.9% |
22.23 |
4.28 |
11.09 |
15.67 |
74.51 |
|
98% |
|
|
11,636 |
1.47% |
21.91 |
7.22 |
0 |
20.03 |
68.01 |
|
|
60 |
|
28,195,754 |
3.37% |
47.35 |
12.24 |
-1.4 |
66.15 |
52.67 |
4.1% |
69.9% |
95 |
|
46,710,816 |
-0.6% |
8.82 |
14.39 |
-0.43 |
9.9 |
69.98 |
1.4% |
99.7% |
350 |
|
2,602,713 |
1.52% |
18.96 |
4.4 |
0.66 |
14.09 |
75.24 |
0.18% |
77.9% |
288 |
|
60,609,153 |
0.28% |
10.71 |
10.13 |
2.18 |
5.08 |
78.54 |
0.2% |
99% |
135 |
|
298,444,215 |
0.91% |
14.14 |
8.26 |
3.18 |
6.43 |
77.85 |
0.6% |
99% |
737 |
|
3,431,932 |
0.46% |
13.91 |
9.05 |
-0.25 |
11.61 |
76.33 |
0.3% |
98% |
193 |
|
27,307,134 |
1.7% |
26.36 |
7.84 |
-1.5 |
69.99 |
64.58 |
<0.1% |
99.3% |
184 |
|
205,754 |
1.52% |
23.06 |
7.9 |
0 |
55.16 |
62.49 |
|
74% |
65 |
|
25,730,435 |
1.38% |
18.71 |
4.92 |
0 |
21.54 |
74.54 |
0.7% |
93.4% |
74 |
|
84,402,966 |
1.02% |
16.86 |
6.22 |
-0.42 |
25.14 |
70.85 |
0.4% |
90.3% |
105 |
|
108,708 |
0.07% |
14.2 |
6.26 |
-8.64 |
8.03 |
78.91 |
|
|
596 |
|
273,008 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21,456,188 |
3.46% |
42.89 |
8.3 |
0 |
59.88 |
62.12 |
0.1% |
50.2% |
83 |
|
11,502,010 |
2.11% |
41 |
19.93 |
0 |
86.84 |
40.03 |
16.5% |
80.6% |
122 |
|
12,236,805 |
0.62% |
28.01 |
21.84 |
0 |
51.71 |
39.29 |
24.6% |
90.7% |
139 |
Meca totals |
725,605,829 |
1.94% |
25.03 |
6.24 |
4.28 |
41.54 |
70.7 |
0.1% |
79.3% |
167 |
Sub-Saharan totals |
751,055,142 |
2.12% |
36.78 |
15.71 |
0.19 |
81.04 |
49.84 |
19.6% |
62.27% |
103 |
America totals |
893,456,036 |
1.3% |
38.49 |
7.5 |
0 |
13.5 |
73.68 |
0.5% |
98% |
258 |
Asia totals |
3,454,822,612 |
1.9% |
44.72 |
30.44 |
-0.64 |
51.96 |
70.34 |
0.1% |
94% |
138 |
Europe totals |
738,425,494 |
0.33% |
7.62 |
6.71 |
1.78 |
4.17 |
74.75 |
0.29% |
98.29% |
145 |
World totals |
6,563,365,113 |
1.9% |
30.53 |
13.32 |
1.22 |
38.44 |
67.86 |
2% |
86.37% |
162 |
Sanders, Tony J. Hospitals & Asylums. Chapter 9: Public Health Department. HA-7-4-07. 127 pgs. www.title24uscode.org/PHD.doc