Hospitals & Asylums
National Cemetery Organization (NCO)
To Amend Chapter
7 National Cemeteries, repeal Chapter
7a Private and Commercial Cemeteries, free wills and trusts from obligatory
registration with the Court, set forth requirements for the Probate Courts to
change their name to the Justice of the Peace and improve death and estate
statistics.
Be the Democratic and Republican
(DR) honor party Dissolved, Referred to Arlington National Cemetery
1st Draft September
2003, 2nd 12 April 2007, 3rd 15 April 2009
1.
This Chapter amends Chapter 7 National Cemeteries §271-296
and repeals Chapter 7a Private and Commercial Cemeteries §298,
It can be estimated that 56,597,030 people died around the world in 2004 an
average of 863 deaths per 100,000, 0.86% of the population. The preliminary number of deaths
in the United States for 2004 was estimated at 2,398,343, representing a
decrease of 49,945 from the 2003 total. The crude death rate was 816.7 per
100,000 population, 3.0 percent less than the rate of
841.9 per 100,000 in 2003. The preliminary infant mortality rate, those
children dying in their first year, for 2004 was 6.76 infant deaths per 1,000
live births. The rate was much higher
for black infants whose mortality rate was 13.65 per 1,000. More
accurate, up to date, death statistics need to be compiled on the Internet at
the country, state and national levels to more rapidly and accurately detect
and respond to epidemics.
Number of deaths and
Life Expectancy, by State, 2006
|
State |
Deaths |
Population
in 1,000 |
Deaths
Per 1,000 |
Life
Expectancy at Birth |
Life
Expectancy at Birth Male |
Life
Expectancy at Birth Fe-male |
|
United States |
2,448,000 |
301,
621 |
8.11 |
77.8 |
75.2 |
80.4 |
|
Alabama |
46,764 |
4,628 |
10.1 |
74.6 |
71.3 |
77.5 |
|
Alaska |
3,486 |
683 |
5.1 |
76.7 |
74.2 |
79.1 |
|
Arizona |
45,215 |
6,339 |
7.13 |
77.5 |
74.7 |
80.2 |
|
Arkansas |
28,324 |
2,835 |
9.99 |
75.1 |
72.1 |
77.9 |
|
California |
237,059 |
36.553 |
6.49 |
78.3 |
75.9 |
80.6 |
|
Colorado |
30,077 |
4,862 |
6.19 |
78.4 |
76.1 |
80.4 |
|
Connecticut |
28,536 |
3,502 |
8.15 |
78.4 |
75.7 |
80.8 |
|
Delaware |
7,332 |
865 |
8.48 |
76.6 |
74.0 |
78.9 |
|
District of Columbia |
5,217 |
588 |
8.87 |
72.6 |
68.5 |
76.1 |
|
Florida |
167,196 |
18,251 |
9.16 |
77.5 |
74.6 |
80.3 |
|
Georgia |
65,913 |
9,545 |
6.91 |
75.3 |
72.3 |
77.8 |
|
Hawaii |
9,319 |
1,283 |
7.26 |
79.8 |
77.1 |
82.5 |
|
Idaho |
10,967 |
1,499 |
7.32 |
78.0 |
75.9 |
80.2 |
|
Illinois |
100,049 |
12,853 |
7.78 |
76.7 |
73.9 |
79.2 |
|
Indiana |
54,246 |
6,345 |
8.55 |
76.2 |
73.4 |
78.6 |
|
Iowa |
27,304 |
2,988 |
9.14 |
78.5 |
75.8 |
80.8 |
|
Kansas |
24,307 |
2,776 |
8.76 |
77.5 |
74.9 |
79.8 |
|
Kentucky |
39,315 |
4,241 |
9.27 |
75.3 |
72.3 |
77.9 |
|
Louisiana |
38,611 |
4,293 |
8.99 |
74.4 |
71.2 |
77.3 |
|
Maine |
12,398 |
1,317 |
9.41 |
77.6 |
75.1 |
80.0 |
|
Maryland |
43,715 |
5,618 |
7.78 |
76.3 |
73.6 |
78.8 |
|
Massachusetts |
53,109 |
6,450 |
8.23 |
78.4 |
75.8 |
80.7 |
|
Michigan |
86,740 |
10,072 |
8.61 |
76.5 |
73.9 |
78.7 |
|
Minnesota |
37,116 |
5,198 |
7.14 |
79.1 |
76.5 |
81.3 |
|
Mississippi |
28,236 |
2,919 |
9.67 |
73.7 |
70.4 |
76.7 |
|
Missouri |
54,463 |
5,878 |
9.27 |
76.2 |
73.4 |
78.7 |
|
Montana |
8,616 |
958 |
8.99 |
77.3 |
74.7 |
80.0 |
|
Nebraska |
15,280 |
1,775 |
8.61 |
78.3 |
75.6 |
80.6 |
|
Nevada |
19,771 |
2,565 |
7.71 |
75.9 |
73.4 |
78.7 |
|
New Hampshire |
10,178 |
1,316 |
7.74 |
78.5 |
75.9 |
80.7 |
|
New Jersey |
69,172 |
8,686 |
7.96 |
77.5 |
74.8 |
79.8 |
|
New Mexico |
15,261 |
1,970 |
7.75 |
77.3 |
74.4 |
80.1 |
|
New York |
148,378 |
19,298 |
7.69 |
77.9 |
75.1 |
80.2 |
|
North Carolina |
76,093 |
9,061 |
8.40 |
75.8 |
72.7 |
78.4 |
|
North Dakota |
5,648 |
640 |
8.83 |
78.7 |
75.8 |
81.7 |
|
Ohio |
106,772 |
11,467 |
9.31 |
76.4 |
73.8 |
78.7 |
|
Oklahoma |
36,074 |
3,617 |
9.97 |
75.3 |
72.6 |
77.6 |
|
Oregon |
29,186 |
3,747 |
7.79 |
77.9 |
75.5 |
80.0 |
|
Pennsylvania |
124,485 |
12,433 |
10.0 |
76.8 |
74.0 |
79.3 |
|
Rhode Island |
9,751 |
1,058 |
9.21 |
78.2 |
75.5 |
80.3 |
|
South Carolina |
37,763 |
4,408 |
8.57 |
74.9 |
71.6 |
77.9 |
|
South Dakota |
6,821 |
796 |
8.57 |
78.0 |
75.0 |
80.9 |
|
Tennessee |
56,948 |
6,157 |
9.25 |
75.0 |
71.8 |
77.7 |
|
Texas |
158,740 |
23,904 |
6.64 |
76.7 |
74.1 |
79.2 |
|
Utah |
14,142 |
2,645 |
5.35 |
78.7 |
76.5 |
80.6 |
|
Vermont |
4,919 |
621 |
7.92 |
78.2 |
75.8 |
80.4 |
|
Virginia |
57,954 |
7,712 |
7.52 |
76.9 |
74.3 |
79.1 |
|
Washington |
47,043 |
6,468 |
7.27 |
78.2 |
75.9 |
80.5 |
|
West Virginia |
20,912 |
1,812 |
11.54 |
75.0 |
72.3 |
77.7 |
|
Wisconsin |
46,130 |
5,602 |
8.24 |
78.1 |
75.4 |
80.5 |
|
Wyoming |
4,200 |
523 |
8.03 |
77.1 |
74.9 |
79.3 |
Source:
National Vital Statistics Reports Births,
Marriages, Divorces, and Deaths: Provisional Data for 2007. Volume 56, Number
21. US Census Interim State Population Projections 2005, Resident State
Population July 2007
2. The preliminary estimate of
life expectancy at birth for the total population in 2004 reached a record high
of 77.9 years. This represents an increase of 0.4 year relative to 2003. Record-high life expectancies were reached
for white males (75.7 years) and black males (69.8 years), as well as for white
females (80.8 years) and black females (76.5 years). The gap between male and
female life expectancy was 5.2 years in 2004, down from 5.3 years in 2003, and
5.4 years in 2002. The difference between male and female life expectancy at
birth has been generally decreasing since its peak of 7.8 years in 1979. By state of residence, Hawaii had the lowest
mortality in 2004 with an age-adjusted death rate of 623.6 deaths per 100,000
standard population. Mortality was highest for
Mississippi, with an age-adjusted death rate of 998.2 per 100,000 standard population.
3. Between 1900 and 2000, life expectancy at birth in the United States increased from 47 to 77 years. Life expectancy for people aged 65 increased more than 6 years during the twentieth century, in 2002 a 65 year old American woman could expect to live almost 20 more years and a man an additional 16.6 years. In 1900, one third of all deaths in the United States were attributed to three major categories of infectious disease: pneumonia and influenza, tuberculosis, and diarrheal diseases and enteritis. Many additional deaths were caused by typhoid, meningococcal meningitis, scarlet fever, whooping cough, diphtheria, dysentery, and measles. Altogether, common infectious diseases accounted for 40% of all deaths in 1900 but they accounted for only 4% of all deaths in 2000. Cardiovascular disease (CVD; heart disease and stroke) accounted for 14% of all deaths in 1900 and for 37% in 2000. Cancer accounted for only 4% of all deaths in 1900 but for 23% in 2000.
Leading Causes of Death,
2004
1. Heart disease: 654,092
2. Cancer: 550,270
3. Stroke (cerebrovascular
diseases): 150,147
4. Chronic lower respiratory diseases: 123,884
5. Accidents (unintentional
injuries): 108,694
6. Diabetes: 72,815
7. Alzheimer's disease: 65,829
8. Influenza/Pneumonia: 61,472
9. Nephritis, nephrotic
syndrome, and nephrosis: 42,762
10. Septicemia:
33,464
11.
Chronic Liver Disease 27,013
12.
Homicide 22,000
13.
Parkinson’s 19,544
14.
Human Immuno-deficiency virus HIV 13, 063
15.
Suicide 10,700
Source: U.S. Census Bureau,
Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2009
4. In the US, not dissimilar to the rest of the world, in 2004 there
were an estimated 250,000 deaths from what can loosely be construed as medical malpractice
and product liability. 12,000 from
unnecessary surgery, 7,000 from medication errors in hospitals, 20,000 from
other errors in hospitals, 80,000 from infections in hospitals, 100,000 from
bedsores, 106,000 from non-error, negative effects of
drugs making medical malpractice the third leading cause of death, ten times
the homicide rate. Another
2001 study puts the number of death attributed to medical error at 783,936 more
than heart disease, 699,697 or cancer 553,251 The Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Statistics said 12,129 state
prisoners died between 2001 through 2004. For black inmates, the rate of dying
was 57 percent lower than among the overall black population - 206 versus 484.
But white and Hispanic prisoners both had death rates slightly above their
counterparts in the overall population. The death rate among men was 72 percent
higher than among women.
Estimated Annual Mortality
and Economic Cost of Medical Intervention
|
Condition |
Number of Deaths |
Estimated Cost |
Complications |
|
Adverse Drug Reactions |
106,000 |
$12 billion |
19% |
|
Medical Error |
98,000 |
|
17% |
|
Bedsores |
115,000 |
$55 billion |
10% |
|
Nonsocomial Infection |
88,000 |
$5 billion |
5-6% |
|
Malnutrition |
108,000 |
|
10% |
|
Iatrogenic Outpatient |
199,000 |
$77 billion |
25% |
|
Surgery Related |
32,000 |
$9 billion |
30% |
|
Total |
783,936 |
$282 billion |
|
Source: Null, Gary PhD;
Dean, Carolyn MD; Feldman, Martin MD; Rasio, Deborah
MD; Smith, Dorothy MD. Death by Medicine. Life Extension Magazine. 2003
5. Of the 2.4 million people who die in the United States annually just over 35,000 will file estate tax returns after the passing of longest surviving spouse. Fewer than half of these, about 15,000, will pay any estate tax whatsoever. Despite the low number of taxpayers estate tax liability will total $23 billion, an average of approximately $1.5 million per taxable return. The vast majority of estates in probate are worth less than $15,000. It is difficult to calculate the total national value of the death transfer but it is probably around $100 billion annually. In 2004 only 12 states reported their 2003 probate/estate caseloads to the Department of Justice in at least two of the four categories provided (guardianship, conservatorship/trusteeship, probate/wills/ intestate, and elder abuse). In those states, 66 percent of the cases involved probate/wills/intestate; 21 percent involved guardianship, and 13 percent involved other matters. Probate is generally a long, expensive and torturous process that estate lawyers recommend be avoided by conveying all assets to others upon death through joint tenancy, pay on death accounts and transfer on death securities. The objective of estate planning is to have no possessions when you die. A degree program is called for to supervise the Probate Courts secession of the adjudication of the alleged mentally ill to the licensed social workers of the Mental Health Board of a Social Work Administration and when the Court is slavery free to change the name to Justice of the Peace.
6. To process the 0.83% of the population that dies every year 0.05% of the population is employed in the death care industry. This means that there is a ratio of 16.6 dead people to every mortuary professional per year although the labor is actually divided into funeral service, cemetery maintenance and manufacturing meaning the annual caseload tends to be much higher, enough to support a comfortable living for the professional. Per death receipts for funeral services are estimated to total $4,166 for a burial and $1,080 for a cremation. The American funeral industry emerged in the aftermath of the Civil War. Before then families would normally bury their own dead. The foundation of the new industry was embalming that permitted family to have a last look at their loved one that was legitimized in the cross country voyage of Abraham Lincoln’s body from Washington DC to Springfield, Illinois.
7. Since then funeral homes
sprung up around the country. As funeral
homes multiplied, so did a variety of professional associations organizing
funeral directors at the national and state levels, trade publications
exclusively catering to an emerging class of authorities of disposal, and
educational institutions for the training of funeral directors. Jessica Mitford’s The American Way of
Death revolutionized the death care industry in the 1960s. The Federal
Trade Commission began its own investigation of the industry in the late 1970s
and issued a series of proclamations based on its findings, including the
Funeral Trade Rule in 1984. Some of the regulations imposed on funeral
directors included providing clients with a detailed price list of all goods
and services, informing them that embalming is not required by law, and
allowing families to plan alternative funerals that did not follow traditional
patterns. Although cremation had made its appearance on the American scene much
earlier, it became a viable option in the late 1960s and grew in popularity in
subsequent decades. Cremation rates at
the turn of the twenty-first century rose to 25 percent. Another significant trend to emerge in the
closing decades of the twentieth century was the intrusion of multinational
corporations into what has become known as "death care." Inspired in part by the aging of the populous baby-boom generation,
big corporations like Service Corporation International and the Loewen Group have been buying up independent, family-owned
funeral homes. Even though most funeral homes are independently owned
and operated, these corporations will continue to play a major role in U.S.
funerals well into the twenty-first century.
8. Within the Department of
Veteran’s Affairs there is established a National
Cemetery Administration responsible for the interment of deceased service
members and veterans. The largest of the 130 national cemeteries is the
Calverton National Cemetery, on Long Island, near Riverhead, N.Y, that conducts
more than 7,000 burials each year. Funerals,
in the US and Canada, can be divided into three parts, (1)Visitation,
where the body is on display at the funeral home for viewing for a night or two
before the funeral. The deceased is
usually dressed in their best clothes. If the body is disfigured or someone is unwilling to view the body
a closed casket. In Jewish funerals the body is never viewed and
embalming is forbidden. Guests sign a
book held by the descendants and exchange photographs, (2) Funeral Service, a
memorial service that is often officiate by a clergy from the bereaved church
or religion. Funerals are usually held
three to five days after a person’s death.
The service usually involves prayers, reading from the Bible and words
of comfort from the clergy. Family
members and friends frequently give a eulogy to detail the happy memories and
accomplishments in the life of the deceased. (3) Burial Service,
is conducted at the site of the grave, tomb, mausoleum or crematorium at which
the body of deceased is buried or cremated.
The burial may take place immediately after the funeral whereupon a
funeral procession will travel from the memorial service to the burial site or
at a time when the burial site is ready.
Flowers are often put on the coffin or in the case of the burial of the
member of the Armed Forces the Secretary of Veteran’s Affairs will provide an
American flag to drape over the coffin.
Leading Global Causes of Death
|
Rank |
0-4 years |
5-14 years |
15-44 years |
15-59 years |
60 years |
All ages |
|
1 |
Perinatal conditions 2,155,000 |
Acute lower respiratory infections 213,429 |
HIV/AIDS 1,629,726 |
Ischaemic heart disease 887,146 |
Ischaemic heart disease 6,239,562 |
Ischaemic heart disease 7,375,408 |
|
2 |
Acute lower respiratory infections 1,850,412 |
Malaria 209,109 |
Road traffic injuries 600,312 |
Cerebrovascular disease 600,854 |
Cerebrovascular disease 4,247,080 |
Cerebrovascular disease 5,106,125 |
|
3 |
Diarrhoeal diseases 1,814,158 |
Road traffic injuries 161,956 |
Interpersonal violence 509,844 |
Tuberculosis 407,737 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1,974,652 |
Acute lower respiratory infections 3,452,178 |
|
4 |
Measles 887,671 |
Drowning 157,573 |
Self-inflicted injuries 508,621 |
Trachea/bronchus /lung cancers 305,982 |
Acute lower respiratory infections 1,184,698 |
HIV/AIDS 2,285,229 |
|
5 |
Malaria 793,368 |
Diarrhoeal diseases 133,883 |
Tuberculosis 427,314 |
Cirrhosis of the liver 264,117 |
Trachea/bronchus/ lung cancers 889,873 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2,249,252 |
|
6 |
Congenital abnormalities 404,849 |
War injuries 57,285 |
War injuries 372,935 |
HIV/AIDS 214,571 |
Tuberculosis 570,513 |
Diarrhoeal diseases 2,219,032 |
|
7 |
HIV/AIDS 349,885 |
Nephritis/nephrosis 44,640 |
Ischaemic heart disease 244,556 |
Liver cancers 205,394 |
Stomach cancers 561,527 |
Perinatal conditions 2,155,000 |
|
8 |
Pertussis 345,771 |
Congenital abnormalities 43,056 |
Cerebrovascular disease 195,983 |
Stomach cancers 205,212 |
Diabetes mellitus 426,964 |
Tuberculosis 1,498,061 |
|
9 |
Tetanus 302,668 |
Inflammatory cardiac disease 40,802 |
Cirrhosis of the liver 142,445 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 203,192 |
Colon/rectum cancer 424,463 |
Trachea/bronchus/ lung cancers 1,244,407 |
|
10 |
Protein−energy malnutrition 214,717 |
HIV/AIDS 39,042 |
Drowning 141,922 |
Self-inflicted injuries 178,478 |
Cirrhosis of the liver 355,615 |
Road traffic injuries 1,170,694 |
|
11 |
Drowning 125,301 |
Fires 38,968 |
Fires 122,666 |
Road traffic injuries 172,312 |
Nephritis/nephrosis 307,832 |
Malaria 1,110,293 |
|
12 |
STDs excluding HIV 118,178 |
Cerebrovascular disease 38,349 |
Maternal haemorrhage 116,771 |
Breast cancers 132,238 |
Oesophaguscancers 296,550 |
Self-inflicted injuries 947,697 |
|
13 |
War injuries 103,323 |
Tuberculosis 38,093 |
Acute lower respiratory infections 115,100 |
Oesophagus cancers 117,352 |
Liver cancers 295,756 |
Measles 887,671 |
|
14 |
Road traffic injuries 82,429 |
Interpersonal violence 34,938 |
Rheumatic heart disease 104,635 |
Diabetes mellitus 104,855 |
Inflammatory cardiac disease 268,545 |
Stomach cancers 822,069 |
|
15 |
Meningitis 60,198 |
Leukaemia 34,503 |
Liver cancers 103,131 |
Inflamatory cardiac disease 97,511 |
Self-inflicted injuries 227,724 |
Cirrhosis of the liver 774,563 |
Sanders, Tony J. Hospitals & Asylums. Chapter 7: National Cemeteries. 3rd Draft. 111 pgs. HA-15-4-09. www.title24uscode.org/NationalCemetery.doc
Test Questions www.title24uscode.org/cemtest.doc