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European Union and Russia Option HA-5-2-06

A. The European Union (EU) covers a large part of the continent of Europe, from the Arctic Circle to the Mediterranean and from the Atlantic to the Aegean. As the result of its success European economic equality is a real possibility in the next several decades.

1. Richly diverse, the countries that make up the EU (its ‘member states') are all committed to the same fundamental values: peace, democracy, the rule of law and respect for human rights. They seek to promote these values, to build and share prosperity and to exert their collective influence by acting together on the world stage.

2. Over half a century, the Union has raised its citizens' standard of living to unprecedented levels. It has created a frontier-free single market and a single currency, the euro. It is a major economic power and the world leader in development aid.

3. On Saturday, February 4, 2006 the exchange rate was 1 US Dollar = 0.82888 Euro; 1 Euro (EUR) = 1.20645 US Dollar (USD)

B. Membership to the EU has grown from six to 15 nations, to 25, 10 in May 2004. A further two hope to join in 2007.

a. Members of the European Union:

1. United Kingdom 1951, 2. Netherlands 1951, 3. Belgium 1951, 4. Luxembourg 1957, 5. France 1951, 6. Italy 1951, 7. Finland 1951, 8. Denmark 1973, 9. Ireland 1973, 10. Portugal 1986, 11. Spain 1986, 12. Germany 1990, 13. Greece 1992, 14. Sweden 1995, 15. Austria 1995, 16. Liechtenstein 1995, 17. Cyprus 2004, 18. Poland 2004, 19. Czech Republic 2004, 20. Slovakia 2004, 21 Hungary 2004 22. Malta 2004, 23. Lithuania 2004, Latvia 2004, 24. Estonia 2004 and 25. Slovenia 2004

b. Non-Member European States:

27. Iceland, 28. Norway, 29. Switzerland, 30. Andorra, 31. Holy See, 32. Monaco, 33. San Marino, 34. Moldova, 35. Ukraine, 36. Belarus, 37. Russian Federation, 38. Croatia, 39. Bosnia and Herzogivina, 40. Serbia and Montenegro, 41.Macedonia, 42. Albania. 43. Bulgaria and 44. Romania aspire for membership to the EU in 2007.

C. Europe is the most successful continent, in terms of per capita GNI. The European Union covers an area of more than three million square kilometres. The size of its individual member states varies widely, from France (biggest) to Luxembourg (smallest).

1. The European Union has a population of 456,953,258; its population is the world's third largest after China and India, and accounts for some 6% of the total world population.

2. Continental Europe has a total estimated population of 737,567,222 in 2005.

3. Europe had a GNI of US $14,283 billion, €11,848 billion, and per capita of US $19,379, €16,061.

4. The European Union had a GNI of $11,650 billion, €9,655 billion, and a per capita of $26,900, €22,295.

D. In regards to international development the Draft Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe Official Journal C 169 of 18 July 2003 states.

1. Art. III-193(d) the primary aim of multilateral co-operation shall be eradicating poverty under the UN Charter.

2. Art. III-56(a) a common approach is to be developed with third countries and international organizations to promotes social aid to the individual consumer particularly to promote the economic development in impoverished areas with high unemployment.

3. Art. III-194 the Council of Ministers presides over the debate of international associations in the spirit of solidarity for 2/3 majority of the European Parliament.

4. Art. III-318-1 promotes the complementarily and efficiency of their action, the Union and the Member States shall coordinate their policies on development cooperation and shall consult each other on their aid programs, including in international organizations and during international conferences. They may undertake joint action. Member States shall contribute if necessary to the implementation of Union aid programs.

E. Europe is the leading source of Official Development Assistance (ODA) to the United Nations. In September 2000 world leaders from 189 nations agreed and signed the UN Millennium Declaration, binding them inter alia to a global project to decisively reduce extreme poverty in all its key dimensions with extra support for East European Democracy (SEED) for the following activities:

 
1. Urgent humanitarian needs for medicine, medical supplies and equipment, and food, including the nutritional needs of infants such as 
processed baby food;
 
2. Democracy- popularly elected government- and promoting;
 
a. political, social, and economic pluralism;
b. respect for internationally recognized human rights and the rule of law;
c. the development of institutions of democratic governance, including electoral and legislative processes;
d. the institution and improvement of public administration at the national, intergovernmental, regional, and local level;
e. the development of a free and independent media;
f. the development of effective control by elected civilian officials over, and the development of a nonpolitical officer corps in, the 
military and security forces; and
g. Strengthened administration of justice through programs and activities. 
 
3. Creating and developing private enterprise and free market systems based on the principle of private ownership of property, including -
 
a. the development of private cooperatives, credit unions and labor unions;
b. the improvement in the collection and analysis of statistical information;
c. the reform and restructuring of banking and financial systems; and
d. the protection of intellectual property. 

4. Creating market-based pricing policies and the transfer of technologies that reduce energy wastage and harmful emissions; supporting developmentally sound capital energy projects that utilize United States advanced coal technologies; and promoting efficient production, use, and transportation of oil, gas, coal, and agriculture to market.

5. The US has 82 Missions to Europe, Eurasia and the Caucuses. The US Bureau for Europe and Eurasia represents the development objectives of the 27 country region comprised primarily of former Soviet Republics in Eastern Europe.

a. The FREEDOM Support Act (FSA) FY 2005 request level for Eurasia totals $550 million to fund USAID and other USG agencies' programs in the economic, democratic, and social transition areas.

b. The FY 2005 FSA request is an approximately 8% decrease from the FY 2004 level. The FY 2005 SEED Act request level is $410 million, a decrease of 8% from the FY 2004 level.

c. Several Central European countries have graduated from USAID assistance include: Estonia (1996), Slovenia (1997), Czech Republic (1997), Hungary (1999), Latvia (1999), Poland (2000), Lithuania (2000), and Slovakia (2000).

F. The EU is the largest donor of Official Development Assistance (ODA), contributing about three times what the United States contributes. The United States is the single largest national donor, followed by Germany, France, Austria, and the Netherlands.

1. In 2004 European Union ODA was estimated at $46,499 million, €38,542 from the reports of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 60% of all ODA estimated at $76,272 million, €63,220 in 2004. $13,824 million, €11,458 was received by developing Eastern European nations, 18% of the global administration of ODA.

2. In 2006 it is hoped to increase ODA to $60 billion, €50 billion and $20 billion, €16.666 billion, for Eastern Europe, 33% of ODA from European donor nations in order to self determinately prioritize European equality as an expenditure of the EU.

3. The EU Report on Millennium Development Goals 2000-2004 reports significant progress on achieving the 0.7% of GDP goal for ODA on their own only those peoples investing significantly below norms shall be reminded of the call for more assistance. Nations donating less than their share shall be given estimates amounting 0.5% of their GDP while others are encouraged to achieve the target rate of 0.7% of the GDP.

G. Over the past few decades, EU ODA has gradually increased. Net ODA disbursements from the EU combined have reached €33bn in 2003, which represents a 15% rise in real terms since 2000.

1. The average EU ODA/GNI ratio reached 0.35% in 2003, up from 0.32% in 2000.

2. Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Sweden are well above the UN target for ODA of 0,7% of national income48.

3. Luxembourg has included the 1% target in its government program.

4. The Netherlands is committed to maintain its ODA target at 0,8%.

5. Sweden is committed to reach the target of 1% in 2006.

6. The Czech Republic was one of the first new EU Member States to make the transition from a recipient to a donor country. In 1995, it already had an official government policy for development assistance and a foreign aid program based on principles comparable with policies of advanced donor countries.

H. The European Union must begin to devote a sustained growing and proportional Fund for the alleviation of poverty and income inequality across the European continent with most relief being directed to the poorest.

1. In 2006 it is hoped to increase ODA to $60 billion, €50 billion and $20 billion, €16.666 billion, for Eastern Europe, 33% of ODA from European donor nations in order to self determinately prioritize European equality as an expenditure of the EU.

2. In 2004 European ODA was estimated at $46,499 million, €38,542; 60% of all ODA estimated at $76,272 million, €63,220 in 2004

3. In 2004 $13,824 million, €11,458 was received by developing Eastern European nations, 18% of the global administration of ODA.

I. International development spending on Eastern Europe is projected to increase $5 billion, €4 billion, in 2006. New spending must prioritize projects, such as international social security, that provide for relief from unemployment, extreme poverty, illness and retirement. A sustained program of relief must be developed to prioritize assistance to the poorest people in the poorest nations. New large plans must prove that they are directing assistance to the benefit of the poorest people in the poorest nations with a per capita of less than €10,000. Nations with per capita between €10,000 and €15,000 will be largely international tax free. Donor nations have a per capita greater than €15,000. Developing nations should disclose information to the EU on their programs for the relief of the poor.

J. Equality is within the reach of the European Union in decades if only the wealthy states would devote 33% of their ODA to Eastern European Developing Nations. The European Union has a population of 456,953,258; its population is the world's third largest after China and India, and accounts for some 6% of the total world population which is roughly 6% of the total world population. Continental Europe has a total estimated population of 737,567,222 in 2005. Europe had a GNI of US $14,283 billion, €11,848 billion, and per capita of US $19,379, €16,061. The European Union had a GNI of $11,650 billion, €9,655 billion, and a per capita of $26,900, €22,295. In 2004 European ODA was estimated at $46,499 million, €38,542; 60% of all ODA estimated at $76,272 million, €63,220 in 2004. In 2004 $13,824 million, €11,458 was received by developing Eastern European nations, 18% of the global administration of ODA. ODA for Eastern Europe is projected to increase $5 billion, €4 billion, in 2006. New spending must prioritize projects, such as international social security, that provide for relief from unemployment, extreme poverty, illness and retirement.

Country	Population	GNI in billion Euro	Per capita in Euro	For. Aid in Mill. Euro 2004	For. Aid in Mill 2006	Con.
Moldova	4,455,421	7.036	1,558	82	1,000	1994
Serbia & Montenegro	10,829,175	21.54	1,968	410	1,000	2003
Albania	3,563,112	14.3	4,018	258	656	1998
Ukraine	47,425,336	245.3	5,166	820	2,870	1996
Bosnia & Herzegovina	4,025,476	21.4	5,330	533	615	1995
Belarus	10,300,483	57.8	5,576	159.3	574	1994
Macedonia	2,045,262	11.8	5,822	205	205	1991
Romania	22,329,977	140.6	6,314		820	1991
Bulgaria	7,450,349	50.5	6,724	246	410	1991
Russia	143,420,309	1,154	8,036	984	1,230	1993
Croatia	4,495,904	41.3	9,184	136.5	164	1990
Latvia	2,290,237	21.8	9,430	78.8	82	1992
Poland	38,635,144	379	9,840	4,646	4,646	1997
Lithuania	3,596,617	37.1	10,250	187.4	164	1992
Estonia	1,332,893	15.77	11,726	88.6	82	1992
Slovakia	5,431,363	64.7	11,890	601	410	1992
Hungary	10,006,835	122.4	12,218	861	615	1949
Czech Republic	10,241,138	141.2	13,776	656	410	1992
Portugal	10,566,212	154.7	14,678	842.9	-1,090	1976
Malta	398,534	5.9	14,924		1	1964
Slovenia	2,011,070	32.31	16,072	50.8	-123	1991
Cyprus	780,133	16.6	16,400	587.9	533	1960
Greece	10,668,354	185.7	17,466	-380.5	-928	1975
Spain	40,341,462	768.8	19,106	-2,088	-3,844	1978
Liechtenstein	33,717	0.677	20,500		-3.3	1921
Andorra	70,549	1.6	21,976		-7.4	1991
Monaco	32,409	0.7	22,140		-3.3	1962
Italy	58,103,033	1,319	22,714	-2,037	-6,597	1948
Sweden	9,001,774	209.4	23,288	-2,217	-2,094	1975
France	60,656,178	1,424	23,534	-6,949	-7,121	1958
Germany	82,431,390	1,936	23,534	-6,425	-7,747	1949
Finland	5,223,442	123.9	23,780	-537.1	-619.9	2000
Netherlands	16,407,491	394.5	24,190	-3,472	-3,234	1815
United Kingdom	60,441,457	1461.2	24,272	-6,147	-7,306	1992
Belgium	10,364,388	259.3	25,092	-1,190	-1,296	1831
Austria	8,174,762	209.8	25,666	-566.6	-839.7	1920
Iceland	296,737	7.7	26,158		-38.5	1944
Ireland	4,015,676	95.3	26,158	-480.5	-518.2	1937
Denmark	5,432,335	143	26,404	-1,660	-1660	1849
Switzerland	7,489,370	206.5	27,716	-1,130	-103.3	1874
San Marino	28,880	0.77	28,372		-4.1	1600
Norway	4,593,041	150	32,800	-1,804	-1,804	1814
Luxembourg	468,571	22.4	48,298	-197.6	-224	1868
Holy See	921					1929
Total	729,906,917	11,677			-49,200
Developing Nations	272,953,659	2,136	8,017	10,952	16,400

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sanders, Tony J. Hospitals & Asylum.  States of the United Nations (SUN). Chapter IV: European Union and Russia Option. 
Articles 301-350. First Draft HA-6-21-06. www.title24uscode.org/Europe.doc