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World Economy 2010

Country	Population	GDP PPP billion	GDP Ex. rate billion	Economic Growth	Per capita PPP	Labor 000s	Unem ploy ment	Below Poverty Line	Budget Revenue billion	Budget Expense billion	Surplus Deficit billion	Deficit % GDP Ex. rate	Public Debt % GDP	Inflation	Exports billion	Imports billion	Trade Balance billion	Trade Balance % GDP	External Debt billion	ODA million 2008
World	6,788,418,173	70,239.2	54,184.4	0.8%	$10,347	3,156,624	9%	22.9%	15,463	19,385	-3,922	-7.2%	56%		12,092	12,325	-233	-0.4%	58,823	125,114 -91,102
Africa	991,760,344	2,835.2	1,449.4		$2,858	374,336			369.07	420.81	-51.745	-3.6%			392.55	404.08	-11.52	-0.8%	323.54	-38,806
America	927,414,548	21,711	16,200		$23,420	430,959			3,295	5,089	-1,794	-11%			2,042	2,483	-441	-2.7%	15,256	31,627 -7,214
Europe	731,174,482	18,257	18,744		$24,975	357,652			7,357	8,563	-1,206	-6.4%			5,016	4,973	43	0.2%	37,100	78,447 -4,186
Middle East and Central Asia	1,934,506,098	8,263	3,885		$4,272	765,331			939.1	1,121.6	-182.5	-4.7%			1,047.7	1,020.5	-27.2	-0.7%	1,212.8	2,124 -31,104
South East Asia	2,203,562,701	19,173	13,906		$8,703	1,228,346			3,502.5	4,190.4	-687.9	-0.5%			3,594	3,444	150	1.1%	4,931	12,916 -9,792

Country	Population	GDP PPP billion	GDP Ex. rate trillion	Economic Growth	Per capita PPP	Labor 000s	Unem ploy ment	Below Poverty Line	Budget Revenue billion	Budget Expense billion	Surplus Deficit billion	Deficit % GDP Ex. rate	Public Debt % GDP	Inflation	Exports billion	Imports billion	Trade Balance billion	Trade Balance % GDP	External Debt billion	ODA 2008 million
Afghanistan	28,395,716	23.35	13.47	3.4%[1]	$800	15,000	35%	36%	1	3.3	-2.3	-17%		30.5%	0.547	5.3	-4.753	-35.3%		-4,865
Albania	3,639,453	22.9	11.86	3.7%	$6,300	1,103	12%	25%	3.46	4.099	-0.639	-5.4%	54.9%	2.1%	1.194	3.602	-2.408	-20.3%	1.41	-386
Algeria	34,178,188	239.6	136.4	2.6%[2]	$7,000	9,612	12.4%	23%	56.24	61.34	-5.1	-3.7%	10.7%	4.1%	52.03	39.51	12.52	9.2%	28.45	-1,348
Andorra	83,888	4.22	4.22	2.6%[i]	$44,900	42.2	7%	8%	0.531	0.531	0	0	0	2.3%	0.089	1.801	-1.712	-40.6%	0	12
Angola	12,799,293	114.4	70.53	-0.6%[3]	$8,900	7,769	50%	40.5%	30.82	27.91	2.91	4.1%	16.8%	13.1%	40.02	12.81	27.21	38.6%	12.83	-369
Anguilla	14,436	0.175	0.175	-8.5	$12,200	6	8%	23%	0.0228	0.0225	0.0003	1.7%		5.3%	0.119	0.143	-0.024	-13.7%	0.0088	-3
Antigua & Barbuda	85,632	1.55	1.194	-6.5%	$18,100	30	11%		0.230	0.294	-0.064	-5.3%	130%	1.5%	0.084	0.523	-0.439	-36.8%	0.360	-8
Argentina	40,913,584	558	304.9	-2.5%^[4]	$13,800	16,540	9.6%	13.9%	84.3	86.2	-1.9	-0.6%	49.1%	7.7%	55.7	38.71	16.99	5.6%	108.6
Armenia	2,966,802	16.18	8.785	-15%[5]	$5,900	1,481	7.1%	26.5%	1.855	2.365	-0.51	-5.8%		4.2%	0.715	2.547	-1.832	-20.9%	4.47	-303
Aruba	103,065	2.258	2.258	2.4%	$21,800	41.5	6.9%		0.508	0.578	-0.07	-3.1%	46.3%	3.4%	0.124	1.054	-0.93	-41.2%	0.479
Australia	21,262,641	824.3	930.8	1%[6]	$38,800	11,440	5.7%		323.6	358.4	-34.8	-3.7%	18.6%	1.9%	161.5	189.9	-28.4	-3%	920	2,954
Austria	8,210,281	323.1	378.8	-3.5%[ii]	$39,400	3,680	4.7%	6%	181.2	194.4	-13.2	-4%[iii]	66.5%	0.4%	129	136	-7	-1.8%	15.5	1,714
Azerbaijan	8,238,672	86.03	43	32.5%[7]	$10,400	4,318	6%	11%	12.18	12.36	-0.18	-0.4%	-4.6%	1.5%	13.16	5.448	7.712	17.9%	2.411	-235
Bahamas	307,552	5.278	7.49	-4%	$29,800	184	7.6%	9.3%	1.03	1.03	0	0%		2.4%	0.674	2.401	-1.727	-23%	343
Bahrain	728,709	27.99	19.59	2.9%[8]	$38,400	595	15%		5.809	5.86	-0.051	-0.3%	30.1%	3%	12.5	10.37	2.13	10.8%	10.87	[9]
Bangladesh	156,050,883	242.4	93.2	5.6%[10]	$1,600	72,500	2.5%	36.3%	11.4	16.3	-4.9	-5.3%	38.2%	5.1%	15.91	20.22	-4.31	-4.6%	23.22	-2,061
Barbados	284,589	4.569	3.637	-2.8%	$18,500	175	10.7%		0.847	0.886	-0.039	-1.1%		5.5%	0.385	1.586	-1.201	-33%	0.668	-5
Belarus	9,648,533	116	46	-0.2%[iv]	$11,600	5,000	1%	27.1%	16.5	16.9	-0.4[v]	-0.87%		10%	24.8	30.4	-5.6[vi]	-12.2%	7.9	-110
Belgium	10,414,336	381	366.9	-3.1%[vii]	$36,600	5,010	8.3%	15.2%[viii]	204.9	230.9	-26[ix]	-7%	99%	0%	296.1	315	-18.9[x]	-5.2%	1,354[xi]	2,386
Belize	307,899	2.485	1.424	-1.5%	$8,100	122.3	8.1%	33.5%	0.377	0.413	-0.036	-2.5%		0.3%	0.395	0.616	-0.221	-15.5%	0.954	-25
Benin	8,791,832	13.25	6.476	2.5%[11]	$1,500	3,662		34.7%	1.244	1.634	-0.39	-6%		4%	1.024	1.127	-0.103	-1.6%	1.2	-641
Bermuda	67,837	4.5	4.5	4.6%	$69,900	38	2.1%	19%	0.738	0.665	0.073	1.6%		2.8%	0.763	1.162	-0.399		0.160
Bhutan	691,141	3.763	1.493	5%[12]	$5,400	300	4%	23.2%	0.302	0.588	0.286	-19%	57.8%	8%	0.513	0.533	-0.2	-13.4%	6.715	-742
Bolivia	9,775,246	45.11	17.76	2.8%	$4,600	4,536	8.5%	60%	7.946	8.319	-0.373	-2.1%	44%	4.3%	4.837	4.166	0.671	3.8%	5.349	-628
Bosnia& Herzegovina	4,025,476	29.07	17.16	-3.4%[xii]	$6,300	1,863	44%	25%	7.814	8.571	-0.757	-4.4%[xiii]	43%	0.6%	3.95	8.82	-3.95	-23%	8.415	-482
Botswana	1,990,876	26	10.94	-5.2%[13]	$13,100	685	7.5%	30.3%	2.675	3.868	-1.193	-10.9%	17.9%	7.3%	2.963	3.671	-0.708	-6.5%	1.651	-716
Brazil	198,739,269	2,025	1,499	-0.2%^[14]	$10,200	95,210	7.4%	26%	244	219.9			46.8%	4.2%	159	136	23	1.5%	216.1	-460
British Virgin Islands	24,491	0.853	1.095	-0.6%	$38,500	13	3.6%		0.205	0.180	0.025	2.3%		7.1%	0.0253	0.187	-0.162	-14.8%	0.036
Brunei	388,190	19.43	14.87	-1.9%[15]	$50,100	189	3.7%		6.889	4	2.889	19.4%		2.7%	10.67	2.61	8.06	54.2%	0
Bulgaria	7,204,687	90.51	45.3	-4.9%[xiv]	$12,600	3,200	9.1%	14%	18.4	18.9	-0.5	-1.1%	14.7%	1.6%	16.23	23.27	-6.04	-13.3%	49.28	0
Burkina Faso	15,746,232	18.79	7.871	3.3%[16]	$1,200	6,668	77%	46.4%	1.364	1.91	-0.546	-6.9%		3.7%	0.648	1.076	-0.428	-5.4%	1.84	-913
Burma(Myanamar)	48,137,741	56.92	26.83	1.8%[17]	$1,100	30,850	4.9%	32.7%	1.142	2.354	-1.212	-4.5%		7.7%	6.504	3.55	-2.954	-11%	7.373	-3,327
Burundi	9,511,330	3.247	1.427	3.2%[18]	$300	4,245		68%	0.343	0.386	-0.043	-3%		14.1%	0.079	0.318	-0.239	-16.7%	1.2	-509
Cambodia	14,494,293	28.09	11.03	-0.9%[19]	$1,900	8,000	3.5%	31%	1.186	1.748	-0.562	-5.1%		7.5%	4.13	6.004	-1.904	-17.3%	4.157	-743
Cameroon	18,879,301	42.76	22.08	-1%[20]	$2,300	7,313	30%	48%	3.838	3.781	0.057	0.25%	14.3%	2.5%	3.409	3.739	-0.33	-1.5%	2.929	-525
Canada	33,487,208	1,285	1,335	-2.5%	$38,400	18,400	8.5%	10.8%	514.5	547.2	-32.7	-2.4%	72.3%	0.2%	298.5	305.2	-6.7	-0.5%	633.8	4,785
Cape Verde	429,474	1.7	1.7	1.8%	$3,400	196	21%	30%	0.480	0.596	-0.116	-6.5%		4%	0.097	0.767	-0.67	-39.4%	0.325	-219
Cayman Islands	49,035	2.25	2.25	1.1%	$43,800	39	4%		0.424	0.393	0.031	1.4%		4.1%	0.014	0.877	-0.863		0.070
Central-African Republic	4,511,488	3.32	2.006	2.4%	$700	1,926	8%		0.334	0.362	-0.028	-1.4%		0.9%	0.147	0.237	-0.09	-4.5%	1.153	-256
Chad	9,944,201	16.26	7.056	-1%[21]	$1,600	4,293		80%	0.872	1.453	-0.581	-8.2%		6%	3.164	2.115	1.049	14.9%	1.6	-416
Chile	16,601,707	243.7	152.1	-1.7%[22]	$14,700	7,420	10%	18.2%	31.31	37.87	-6.56	-4.3%	9%	1.7%	48.85	40.91	7.94	5.2%	60.9	-73
China	1,338,612,968	8,789	4,814	8.7%[23]	$6,600	812,700	4.3%	2.8%	972.3	1,137	-164.7	-3.4%	18.2%	-0.8%	1,194	921.5	272.5	5.6%	347.1	-1,489
Colombia	43,677,372	401	231.3	-0.1%[24]	$9,200	21,530	12%	46.8%	72.55	74.6	-2.05	-0.8%	46.1%	2%	31.34	31.67	-0.33	-0.1%	47.33	-972
Comoros	752,438	0.761	0.531	1%[25]	$1,000	268	20%	60%	0.0276	0				3%	0.032	0.143	-0.111	-20.9%	0.232	-256
Congo, Republic of	4,012,809	16.41	8.733	6.6%[26]	$4,100	1,514			3.431	2.723	0.708	8.1%		4%	7.532	2.721	4.811	55%	5	-505
Congo,Democratic Republic of the	68,692,542	21.33	11.23	2.7%[27]	$300	23,530			0.700	2	-1.3	-11.6%		16.7%	6.1	5.2	0.9	8%	10	-1,620
Cook Islands	11,870	0.184	0.183	0.1%	$9,100	7	13.1%		0.071	0.069	-0.002	-1.1%		2.1%	0.005	0.081	-0.076	-41.5%	0.141	-6
Costa Rica	4,253,877	48.63	29.64	-1.6%[28]	$10,900	2,090	6.4%	16%	3.795	4.908	-1.143	-3.85%	49.3%	8.3%	8.096	10.53	-2.434	-8.2%	8.057	-66
Cote d’Ivoire	20,617,068	35.82	23.18	3.8%	$1,700	7,463	40%	42%	4.655	4.987	-0.332	-1.4%	63.8%	2%	8.985	6.504	2.481	10.7%	12.06	-617
Croatia	4,489,409	79.21	62.45	-5.2%[xv]	$17,600	1,196	16.1%	17%	20.99	22.35	-1.36	-2.2%	61%	2.4%	10.57	22.1	-11.53	-18.5%	59.4	0
Cuba	11,451,652	111.1	56.52	1.4%	$9,700	4,968	1.6%		39.11	42.58	-3.47	-6.1%	34.8%	4.3%	3.253	10.86	-7.607	-13.5%	19.44	-127
Cyprus	1,084,748	22.97	23.49	-0.8%[xvi]	$21,200	400	4.8%		9.689	10.72	-1.031	-4.4%	52.4%	0.9%	1.135	6.676	-5.541	-23.6%	7.327	0
Czech Republic	10,211,904	256.6	191.9	-4.1%	$25,100	5,380	9.3%		76.71	85.65	-8.94	-4.6%	32.8%	1.1%	106.4	99.97	6.43	3.4%	76.83	0
Denmark	5,500,510	198.6	311.9	-4.3%[xvii]	$36,000	2,940	4.3%	12.1%	175.4	175.6	-0.2	-0.06%	38.5%	1.3%	91.9	84.07	7.83	2.5%	607.4	2,803
Djibouti	724,622	2.011	1.102	6.4%	$2,800	352	59%	42%	0.135	0.182	-0.047	-4.3%		5%	0.340	1.555	-1.215	-110%	0.428	-121
Dominica	72,660	0.743	0.380	1.1%[29]	$10,200	25	23%	30%	0.0739	0.0844	-0.01	-2.7%	85%	2.7%	0.094	0.296	-0.202	-53%	0.213	-22
Dominican Republic	9,650,054	80.53	45.24	1.8%[30]	$8,300	4,417	15.1%	42.2%	6.361	7.588	-1.227	-2.7%	41.5%	1.4%	5.372	12.14	-6.768	-14.9%	11.85	-153
Ecuador	14,573,101	108.2	56.27	-1%[31]	$7,400	4,430	7.9%	35.1%	15.58	17.58	-2	-3.6%	20.2%	4.3%	13.76	14.09	-0.34	-0.6%	13.28	-231
Egypt	78,866,635	471.2	190.2	4.7%[32]	$6,000	25,800	9.7%	20%	48.86	61.61	-12.75	-6.7%	79.8%	10.1%	22.91	43.98	-21.07	-11.1%	28.45	-1,348
El Salvador	7,185,218	42.92	22.43	-3%[33]	$7,100	2,917	7.2%	30.7%	3.798	4.803	-1.005	-4.5%	55.4%	1%	4.086	7.215	-3.13	-13.9%	11.51	-233
Equatorial Guinea	633,441	23.2	11.31	-1.8%	$36,600	195	30%		4.481	3.551	0.93	8.2%	1.1%	4.5%	8.27	2.851	5.419	47.9%	0.174	-38
Eritrea	5,647,168	4.198	1.714	2.5%[34]	$700	1,935		50%	0.233	0.576	-0.343	-20%		15.5%	0.012	0.590	-0.578	-33.7%	0.311	-143
Estonia	1,299,371	24.36	18.26	-14.1%[xviii]	$18,700	700	14.3%	19.5%	7.293	8.042	-0.749	-4.1%	7.5%	-0.4%	9.233	9.315	-0.082	-0.4%	8.373	0
Ethiopia	85,237,338	76.74	34.32	8%	$900	37,900		38.7%	4.678	5.36	-0.682	-1.9%	31.7%	11%	1.608	1.555	0.053	0.2%	4.229	-611
Falkland Islands	3,140	0.105	0.105		$35,400	2			0.066	0.068	-0.002	-1.9%[35]		3.6%	0.125	0.090	0.035	33%	0.470
Faroe Islands	49,057	1.56	2.45	0.5%[xix]	$48,200	35	3.9%		1.163	1.139	0.024	1%		-1.1%	0.848	0.983	-0.135	-5.5%	0.068
Fiji	944,720	3.704	3.084	-2.5%	$3,900	335	7.6%	25.5%	1.363	1.376	-0.013	-0.4%		4.8%	1.202	3.12	-1.918	-62.2%	0.127	-45
Finland	5,250,275	182.6	238.2	-7.6%	$34,900	2,680	8.5%		115.7	122.6	-6.9	-2.9%	41.4%	0%	57.88	54.1	3.78	1.6%	364.9	1,166
France	64,057,792	2,110	2,666	-2.2%[xx]	$32,800	27,990	9.7%	6.2%	1,229	1,445	-216	-8.1%	79.7%	0.1%	456.8	532.2	-75.4	-2.8%	5,021	10,908
French Guiana	199,509	1.551			$8,300	62	19.2%		0.225	0.390	-0.165	-10.6%		1%	0.155	0.625	-0.47		0.8
French Polynesia	291,000	4.718	6.1	2.7%	$18,000	116	11.7%		0.865	0.644	0.221	-3.6%		1.1%	0.211	1.706	-1.495	-24.5%	0
Gabon	1,514,993	20.99	11.06	-1%[36]	$13,900	633	21%		3.141	2.877	0.264	2.3%	34.7%	3%	5.868	2.296	3.572	32.3%	3.065	-55
Gambia, The	1,778,081	2.471	0.735	4.5%	$1,400	777			0.129	0.154	-0.025	-3.4%		6%	0.077	0.239	-0.162	-22%	0.629	-94
Georgia	4,615,807	20.29	11.11	-7[xxi]	$4,400	1,918	16.4%	31%	3.444	3.183	0.261	2.4%		1.5%	1.14	4.477	-3.337	-30%	3.381	-888
Germany	82,329,758	2,811	3,273	-5%[xxii]	$34,100	43,510	8.2%	11%	1,398	1,540	-142[xxiii]	-4.3%	77.2%	0%	1,121	931.3	189.7	5.8%	5,208	13,981
Ghana	23,887,812	36.57	14.93	4.7%[37]	$1,500	10,330	11%	28.5%	4.547	6.124	-1.577	-10.6%	67.5%	19.6%	5.737	9.807	-4.07	-27.3%	5.84	-1,293
Gibraltar	28,877	1.106	1.106	3.7%[xxiv]	$38,500	13	3%		0.455	0.424	0.031	2.8%	15.5%	2.9%	0.271	2.967	-2.696	-244%	0
Greece	10,737,428	341	342.2	-2%[xxv]	$32,100	5,000	9%	20%	108.7	145.2	-36.5	-11%[xxvi]	113.4%	1.2%	21.37	64.27	-42.9	-12.5%	552.8	703
Greenland	57,637	2.03	2.03	1.5%	$35,400	28	6.8%	9.2%	1.47	1.51	-0.04	-2%		9.4%	0.485	0.867	-0.382	-18.9%	0.058
Grenada	90,739	1.156	0.691	-4%	$10,800	42.3	12.5%	32%	0.0858	0.102	-0.0162	-2.3%		3.7%	0.038	0.343	-0.305	-44%	0.347	-33
Guadeloupe	448,713	3.513	0		$7,900	191.4	27.8%		0.225	0.390					0.140	1.7	-1.56		0
Guam	180,865	2.5	2.773	[38]	$15,000	83	11.4%	23%	0.320	0.428	-0.108	-3.9%		2.5%	0.045	0.701	-0.656	-23.6%	0
Guatemala	13,276,517	69.21	36.9	-0.5%[39]	$5,200	4,157	3.2%	56.2%	4.07	5.563	-1.493	-4%	32.7%	2.2%	6.768	10.91	-4.42	-11.9%	7.489	-536
Guernsey	65,632	2.742	2.742	3%	$44,600	32	0.9%		0.564	0.531	0.033	1.2%		3.4%	0	0			0
Guinea	10,057,975	10.48	4.488	-2.5%[40]	$1,000	4,392		47%	0.633	0.703	-0.07	-1.6%		9%	0.965	1.122	-0.157	-3.5%	3.072	-143
Guinea-Bissau	1,533,964	0.933	0.443	2.9%[41]	$600	633			0	0				3.8%	0.133	0.200	0.067	15.1%	0.942	-132
Guyana	752,940	2.844	1.21	-1.7%	$3,800	333.9	11%		0.494	0.597	-1.03	-8.5%	120%	5.2%	0.652	1.066	-0.414	-34.2%	0.804	-166
Haiti	9,035,536	11.9	6.989	2%[42]	$1,300	3,643	66%	80%	0.961	1.186	-0.225	-3.2%		0.4%	0.524	2.023	-1.499	-21.5%	0.426	-367
Holy See	829	0	0			0			0.356	0.357	-0.001				0	0			0
Honduras	7,833,696	33.17	14.75	-3%[43]	$4,200	3,052	6%	59%	2.819	3.4	-0.581	-3.9%	24.3%	5.9%	5.25	7.571	-2.321	-15.7%	3.315	-564
Hong Kong	7,089,705	301.6	211.3	-3%[44]	$42,700	3,670	5.3%		37.05	41.14	-4.09	-1.9%	18.1%	-0.5%	316.6	345.2	-28.6	-13.5%	655.1
Hungary	9,905,596	184.9	125.7	-6.7%[xxvii]	$18,600	3,800	10.8%	12%	44.1	44.8	-0.7	-0.66[xxviii]	78%	2%	83.34	76.89	6.45	5.1%	116.8	0
Iceland	306,694	12.15	11.92	-6.6%[xxix]	$39,600	181	8.2%		3.879	5.488	-1.579	-13%	95.1%	12%	4.218	2.826	1.392	11.6%	3.073	0
India	1,173,108,018	3,560	1,095	6.5%[45]	$3,100	467,000	10.7%	25%	129.9	237.2	-107.3	-9.8%	59.6%	10.7%	165	253.9	-88.9	-8.1%	223.9	-2,108
Indonesia	240,271,522	969.2	521	4.5%[46]	$4,000	113,300	7.7%	17.8%	83.77	97.24	-13.47	-2.6%	29.8%	5%	115.6	86.6	29	5.6%	150.7	-1,225
Iran	68,688,433	876	335.7	2.6%[47]	$12,900	25,020	11.8%	18%	97.71	84.78	12.93	3.8%	19.4%	16.8%	70.16	57.16	13	3.9%	6.715	-742
Iraq	28,945,569	112	70.93	4.3%[48]	$3,600	8,175	15.2%	25%	52.8	72.4	-19.6	-27.6%		6.8%	38	55.4	-17.4	-24.5%	50.29	-9,870
Ireland	4,203,200	176.9	229.4	-7.5%[xxx]	$42,200	2,200	12%	4.2%	74.82	104.6	-29.78	-13%	63.7%	-1.7%	107.3	64.9	42.4	18.5%	2,287	1,328
Isle of Man	76,913	2.719	2.719	5.2%	$35,000	40	1.5%		0.965	0.943	0.022	0.8%		3.1%	0	0			0
Israel	7,233,701	206.8	194	0.5%[49]	$28,400	3,010	7.4%	23.6%	45	58.6	-13.6	-7%	78%	3.9%	44.35	47.4	-3.05	-1.6%
Italy	58,126,212	1,760	2,114	-4.8%[xxxi]	$30,300	24,950	7.5%		960.1	1,068	-107.9	-5%[xxxii]	115.2%	0.6%	369	358.7	10.3	0.5%	2,328	4,861
Jamaica	2,825,928	23.24	12.06	-4.2%[50]	$8,200	1,311	14.5%	14.8%	2.898	4.332	-1.434	-11.9%	131.7%	8.6%	1.442	4.625	-3.183	-26.4%	11.55	-79
Japan	126,804,433	4,137	5,108	-5.3%[51]	$32,600	65,930	5.6%		1,614	1,997	-383	-7.5%	192.1%	-1.3%	516.3	746.5	-230.2	-4.5%	2,132	9,579
Jersey	91,812	5.1	5.1		$57,000	54			0.829	0.851	-0.022	-0.4%		3.7%	0	0			0
Jordan	6,269,285	33.05	22.82	3.1%[52]	$5,300	1,667	13.5%	14.2%	5.545	8.223	-2.678	-11.7%	69.9%	1.7%	6.989	12.31	-5.321	-23.3%	9.071	-742
Kazakhstan	15,399,437	182.3	108.3	1%[53]	$11,800	8,700	6.3%	12.1%	18.98	22.44	-3.46	-3.2%	14%	7.3%	41.64	25.15	16.49	15.2%	93.21	-333
Kenya	39,002,772	63.73	30.57	2%[54]	$1,600	17,470	40%	50%	6.858	8.759	-1.901	-6.2%	54.1%	20.5%	4.479	9.031	-4.552	-14.9%	7.729	-1,360
Kiribati	99,482	0.597	0.115	1.5%	$6,100	8	2%		0.0284	0.0372	-0.004	-3.5%		0.2%	0.017	0.062	-0.045	-39.1%	0.010	-27
Korea, North	22,757,275	40	28.2	3.7%[55]	$1,900	9.6			2.88	2.98	-0.1	-3.5%			2.062	3.574	-1.512	-5.4%	12.5	-218
Korea, South	48,636,068	1,356	809.7	0.2%[56]	$28,000	24,370	5.1%	15%	191.5	227.2	-35.7	-4.4	28%	2.8%	355.1	313.4	41.7	5.2%	333.6	800[57]
Kosovo	1,815,048	5.3	3.237	N/A[58]	$2,500	550	43%	35%	1.19	1.22	-0.03	-0.9%		5.3%	0.527	2.6	-2.073	-64%
Kuwait	2,692,526	145.7	116.2	-1.7%[59]	$54,100	2,040	2.2%		70.23	58.45	11.78	10.1%	8.3%	9.9%	49.77	20.8	28.97	24.9%		209
Kyrgystan	5,431,747	11.66	4.736	-1%[60]	$2,100	2,344	18%	40%	1.266	1.276	-0.01	0.2%		7.9%	1.334	2.379	-1.045	-22.1%	3.467	-360
Laos	6,993,767	15.07	5.788	6.4%[61]	$2,100	3,650	2.5%	26%	0.845	1.3	-0.455	-7.9%		0%	1.273	2.034	-0.761	-13.1%	3.085	-496
Latvia	2,231,503	32.4	24.48	-17.8%[xxxiii]	$14,500	1,205	16.6%		9.501	12.15	-2.649	-11%	32.5%	3.3%	6.721	8.849	-2.128	-8.7%	38.01	0
Lebanon	4,017,095	53.68	33.04	7%[62]	$13,100	1,481	9.2%	28%	8.428	11.39	-2.962	-8.9%	156%	3.4%	3.5	16.25	-12.75	-38.6%	21.1	-1,076
Lesotho	2,130,819	3.273	1.643	-2%[63]	$1,700	0.855	45%	49%	0.563	0.675	-0.112	-6.8%		8.5%	0.872	1.827	-0.955	-58.1%	0.581	-143
Liberia	3,441,790	1.627	0.878	5%[64]	$500	1,372	85%	80%	0.0854	0.0905	-0.005	-0.6%		11.2%	1.197	7.143	-5.946	-677%	3.2	-1,250
Libya	6,324,357	95.88	61.32	3.7%[65]	$15,200	1,686	30%	7.4%	35.08	35.9	-0.82	-1.3%	6.5%	2%	33.97	26.82	7.15	11.6%	6.491	-60
Liechtenstein	34,761	4.16	4.603	3.1%	$122,100	32	1.5%		0.943	0.820	0.123	2.7%		0.5%	3.92	2.59	0		0
Lithuania	3,555,179	54.84	36.39	-15%[xxxiv]	$15,400	1,656	13.7%	4%	13.09	16.62	-3.53	-9.7%	20.9%	4.2%	16.1	17.84	-1.74	-4.8%	36.43	0
Luxembourg	491,775	38.37	47.06	-3.9%[xxxv]	$78,000	208	6.8%		17.83	19.76	-1.93	-4.1%	14.5%	0.5%	14.05	18.69	-4.64	-9.9%	1,994	415
Macau	567,957	18.47	22.1	13.2%[66]	$33,000	322	3.6%		7.2	3.6	3.6	16.3%		1.2%	0.950	4.5	-3.55	-16.1%	0
Macedonia	2,066,718	18.77	8.929	-1.5%	$9,000	941	31.7%	28.7%	3	3.236	-0.236	-2.6%	32.4%	-0.8%	3.035	4.942	1.907	21.4%	5.458
Madagascar	20,653,556	20.5	9.079	0.4%[67]	$1,000	9,504		50%	1.232	1.861	-0.629	-6.9%		8%	1.04	1.836	-0.796	-8.8%	2.054	-605
Malawi	15,028,757	12.81	4.967	5.9%[68]	$900	5,747		53%	1.215	1.325	-0.11	-2.2%	58%	8.5%	0.945	1.625	-0.68	-13.7%	1.091	-509
Malaysia	26,160,256	381.1	209.8	-2.2%[69]	$14,800	11,290	5%	5.1%	44.6	60.72	-16.12	-7.7%	47.8%	0.4%	156.4	119.5	36.9	17.6%	48.26	-158
Maldives	396,334	1.673	1.359	-4%[70]	$4,200	144	14.4%	16%	0.487	0.873	-0.386	-28.4%		7.3%	0.088	0.782	-0.694	-51.1%	0.589	-54
Mali	13,443,225	15.52	8.86	4%[71]	$1,200	3,241	30%	36.1%	1.5	1.8	-0.3	-3.4%		2.5%	0.294	2.358	-2.064	-23.3%	2.8	-1,994
Malta	405,165	9.831	7.805	-2.2%	$23,800	175	6.9%		4.119	3.736	0.383	4.9	67%	1.8%	2.26	3.84	1.58	20.2%	3.75
Marshall Islands	59,071	0.134	0.162	-0.3%[72]	$2,500	15	36%		0.123	1.213	-1.09	-673%		12.9%	0.019	0.079	-0.6	-370%	0.087	-53
Martinique	432,900	6.117	0		$14,400	0	27.2%		0.9	2.5				3.9%	0.250	2			0.180
Mauritania	3,129,486	6.568	3.279	1.5 %[73]	$2,100	1,318	30%	40%	0.700	0.700	0	0%		7.3%	1.395	1.475	-0.08	-2.4%	2.5	-311
Mauritius	1,284,264	15.9	9.264	2.1%[74]	$12,400	594	7.8%	8%	1.857	2.19	-0.333	-3.6%	58.3%	3.4%	2.055	3.552	-1.497	-16.2%	4.567	-110
Mayotte	231,139	0.954	0		$4,900	45			0.420	0.394	-0.026	-2.7%		1.7%	0.006	0.341	-0.335		0	0
Mexico	111,211,789	1,482	1,017	-6.5%[75]	$13,500	47,000	5.6%	18.2%	208.6	229	-20.4	-2%	37.7%	3.6%	230	234	-4	-0.4%	177	-149
Micronesia	107,154	0.238	0.238	N/A[76]	$2,200	16	22%	26.7%	0.166	0.153	0.013	5.4%		2.2%	0.014	0.133	-0.119	-0.5%	0.061	-94
Moldova	4,320,748	9.986	5.391	-7.7%[xxxvi]	$2,300	1,336	2.6%	29.5%	1.751	2.112	-0.36	-6.7%	31.3%	0%	1.24	3.14	-1.9	-35.3%	3.97	-299
Monaco	32,965	0.976	0.976	0.9%	$30,000	44	0%		0.863	0.531	0.33	34%		1.9%	0.716	0.916	-0.2	-20.5%	18
Mongolia	3,086,918	9.456	4.261	-1.6%[77]	$3,200	1,068	2.8%	36.1%	1.38	1.6	-0.22	-5.2%		4.2%	1.902	2.131	-0.229	-5.4%	1.86	-246
Montenegro	672,180	6.708	4.496	-4%[xxxvii]	$9,800	259	14.7%	7%	0	0	0		38%		0.171	0.602	-0.431	-9.6%	0.650	-106
Montserrat	5,097	0.029	0	-1%[78]	$3,400	0	6%		0.0314	0.0316	-0.0002	-6.9%		2.6%	0.0007	0.017	-0.0163		8.9	-35
Morocco	33,241,259	146.7	91.84	5.1%[79]	$4,600	11,460	9.9%	15%	22.9	23.86	-0.96	-1%	54.1%	2%	15.61	31.83	-16.22	-17.7%	20.06	-1,217
Mozambique	21,669,278	20.17	9.767	4.3%[80]	$900	9,770	21%	70%	2.434	3.171	-0.737	-7.5%	26.1%	3.5%	1.946	3.096	-1.15	-11.8%	4.159	-1,620
Namibia	2,108,665	13.58	9.145	0.7%[81]	$6,400	716	5%	55.8%	2.45	2.977	-0.527	-5.8%	19.1%	8.8%	3.484	4.388	-0.9	-9.8%	1.184	-207
Nauru	14,264	0.060	0	[82]	$5,000	0	90%		0.014	0.014	0	0%		-3.6%	0.000006	0.02	-0.019		0.033	-31
Nepal	28,951,852	33.25	12.47	4.7%[83]	$1,200	18,000	46%	24.7%	2.3	3.7	-1.4	-11.2%		13.2%	0.907	3.626	-2.719	-21.8%		-931
Netherlands	16,715,999	654.9	799	-3.9%[xxxviii]	$39,200	8,330	5%	10.5%	335.4	372.5	-37.1	-5%[xxxix]	62.2%	1.2%	397.6	358.9	38.65	4.8%	3,733	6,993
Netherlands Antilles	227,049	2.8	0	1%	$16,000	91.47	15.5%		0.758	0.950	-0.192	-6.9%		2.1%	3.71	15.74	-12.03		2.68
New Caledonia	229,993	3.158	3.3	[84]	$15,000	103	17.1%		0.996	1.072	-0.076	-2.3%		-1.4%	1.341	1.998	-0.657	20%	0.079
New Zealand	4,252,277	114.9	110.9	-1.4%[85]	$27,300	2,290	7.3%		46.54	53.66	-7.12	-6.4%	29.3%	1.8%	26.25	24.29	1.96	1.8%	58.92	348
Nicaragua	5,891,199	16.53	6.372	-2.9%[86]	$2,800	2,383	5.9%	48%	1.286	1.483	-0.197	-3.1%	87%	4.3%	2.344	3.968	-1.624	-25.5%	4.7	-741
Niger	15,306,252	10.45	5.386	2%[87]	$700	4,688		63%	0.32	0.32	0	0%		0.1%	0.428	0.800	-0.372	-6.9%	2.1	-605
Nigeria	149,229,090	357.2	167.4	5%[88]	$2,400	47,330	4.9%	70%	10.49	18.08	-8.41	-5%	17.8%	11.5%	45.43	42.1	3.33	1.9%	9.689	-1,290
Niue	1,354	0.01	0.01	6.2%	$5,800	0.6	12%		0.015	0.016	-0.001	-10%		4%	0.0002	0.009	-0.0088	-88%	0.0004	-18
Northern Mariana Islands	48,317	0.9	0.633	[89]	$12,500	38	8%		0.193	0.223	-0.707	111%		-0.8%	0.098	0.214	-0.116	-18.3%	0
Norway	4,660,539	273.1	373.3	-1%[xl]	$58,600	2,600	3.2%		206.9	169	37.9	10.2%	60.2%	2.3%	122	64.5	57.5	15.4%	548.1	3,963
Oman	3,418,085	69.48	52.95	2.7%[90]	$23,900	969	15%		18.75	18.35	0.4	0.75%	2.8%	5.3%	29.34	18.41	10.93	20.6%	7.474	-32
Pakistan	174,578,558	449.3	168.5	2.7%[91]	$2,600	55,880	15.2%	24%	23.21	30.05	-6.84	-4.1%	45.3%	14.2%	17.87	28.31	-10.44	-6.2%	52.12	-1,539
Palau	20,879	0.164	0.164	[92]	$8,100	9.8	4.2%		0.115	0.1	0.015	9.1%		2.7%	0.006	0.107	-0.101	-61.6%	0	-43
Palestine	4,013,126	12.75	6.641	7%	$2,900	1,033			1.63	3.08	-1.45	-21.8%		2.9%	0.529	3.772	-3.243	-48.8%	1.3	-2,593
Panama	3,360,474	40.32	25.04	2.4%[93]	$11,900	1,423	7.1%	28.6%	5.667	6.527	-0.86	-3.4%	49.5%	2.3%	11.41	13.62	-2.21	-8.8%	12.04	-29
Papua New Guinea	6,064,515	14.02	8.296	4%[94]	$2,400	3,723	1.8%	37%	2.264	2.415	-0.151	-1.8%	33.7%	6.5%	4.062	2.692	1.367	16.5%	2.32	-304
Paraguay	6,995,655	28.27	13.77	-3.5%[95]	$4,100	2,981	7.9%	19.4%	2.323	2.444	-0.121	-0.88%	24%	1.9%	3.167	6.497	-3.33	-24%	3.22	-134
Peru	29,546,963	253	128.9	0.9%[96]	$8,600	10,260	9%	44.5%	33.55	37.97	-4.42	-3.4%	26.1%	1.2%	23.07	20.3	2.77	2.1%	30.04	-466
Philippines	99,900,177	324.8	160.6	0.9%[97]	$3,300	37,890	7.5%	32.9%	23.29	29.23	-5.94	-3.7%	58.7%	3.2%	37.2	45.8	-8.6	-5.4%	53.14	-61
Poland	38,482,919	690.1	427.9	1.7%[xli]	$17,900	16,990	8.9%	17%	83.86	93.47	-9.61	-2.2%	47.5%	3.4%	134.7	141.7	-7	-1.6%	201.2
Portugal	10,707,924	233.4	222.4	-2.8%[xlii]	$21,800	5,580	9.2%	18%	91.89	106.8	-14.91	-6.7%	75.2%	-0.9%	41.43	58.79	-17.36	-7.8%	507	620
Puerto Rico	3,966,213	68.14	87.79	-3.9%[98]	$17,200	1,479	12%		6.7	9.6	-2.9[99]	-3.3%		6.5%	46.9	29.1	17.8	19.9%	0
Qatar	833,285	101.4	93.63	9.5%[100]	$121,700	1,202	0.5%		32.06	28.5	3.56	3.8%	7.1%	-3.9%	37.43	20.87	16.56	17.7%	63.16
Romania	22,215,421	255.4	162.6	-7.2%[xliii]	$11,500	9,330	7.6%	25%	50.75	61.51	-10.76	-6.6%	20%	5%	38.1	49.2	-11.1	-6.8%	95.48	0
Russia	140,041,244	2,116	1,232	-7.9%[xliv]	$15,100	75,810	8.9%	15.8%	205.3	306.6	-101.3	-8.2%	6.9%	11.9%	295.6	196.8	98.8	8%	369.2
Rwanda	10,746,311	10.13	5.07	5.5%[101]	$900	4,446		60%	1.261	1.391	-0.13	-2.6%		14.2%	0.213	0.785	-0.572	-11.3%	1.4	-1,250
Saint Helena	7,637	0.018	0		$2,500	0	14%		0.0112	0.011				3.2%	0.017	0.042	-0.025		0	-66
Saint Kitts & Nevis	40,131	0.753	0.553	-2%	$15,200	18	4.5%		0.0897	0.1262	0.0365	-6.6%	185%	4.5%	0.084	0.383	-0.299	-54%	0.314	-46
Saint Lucia	160,267	1.75	1.003	-2.5%	$10,900	80	20%		0.141	0.147	-0.006	-0.6%		1.9%	0.288	0.791	-0.503	-50%	0.257	-19
Saint Pierre	7,063	0.0483	0		$7,000	3.5	10.3%		0.070	0.060	0.01	20.7%		8.1%	0.005	0.068	-0.063		0
Saint Vincent	104,574	1.55	0.632	-6.5%	$18,100	58	15%	47.5%	0.0946	0.0858	0.0088	0.6%		6.1%	0.193	0.578	-0.385	-60.9%	0.223	-27
Samoa	192,001	1.025	0.574	-0.8%[102]	$5,400	66			0.171	0.078	0.093	16.2%		6%	0.131	0.324	-0.193	-33.6%	0.177	-39
Samoa, American	66,432	0.575	0.462	3%[103]	$8,000	17	29.8%		0.155	0.184	-0.029	-6.3%			0.446	0.309	0.137	30%	0
San Marino	30,167	1.662	1.048	4.3%	$41,900	22.6	3.1%		0.691	0.653	0.038	3.6%	3.5%	3.3%	4.628	3.744	0.884	84%	0
SaoTomeePrincipe	212,679	0.292	0.191	4.3%[104]	$1,700	52		54%	0.0425	0.050	-0.0075	-3.9%		19%	0.008	0.091	-0.083	-43.5%	0.318	-47
Saudi Arabia	28,686,633	585.8	384	0.2%[105]	$20,400	6,922	11.6%		167.7	164.3	3.4	0.88%	20.3%	5%	180.5	86.61	93.89	24.5%		1,734
Senegal	13,711,597	22.38	12.76	1.7%	$1,600	5,578	48%	54%	2.431	3	-0.569	-4.5%	24%	0.8%	1.652	3.864	-2.212	-17.3%	2.763	-1,058
Serbia	7,379,339	78.36	42.88	-3%[xlv]	$10,400	3,107	16.6%	7.9%	9.7	11.3	-1.6	-3.7%	31.3%	6.6%	8.34	15.85	-7.51	-17.5%	31.72	-1,047
Seychelles	87,476	1.682	0.664	-8.7%[106]	$19,400	40	2%		0.184	0.196	-0.010	-1.5%	43.9%	34%	0.366	0.658	-0.292	-43.9%	1.25	-12
Sierra Leone	5,132,138	4.622	2.088	4%[107]	$900	2,207		70.2%	0.096	0.351	0			11.7%	0.216	0.560	-0.344	-16.5%	1.61	-132
Singapore	4,701,069	235.7	165	-2.1%[108]	$50,300	3,030	3%		21.29	24.14	-2.85	-1.7%	117.6%	0.2%	268.9	245	23.9	14.5%	19.2
Slovakia	5,463,046	115.7	89.33	-4.7%[xlvi]	$21,200	2,365	12.1%	21%	21.08	34.68	-13.6	-15.2%	37.1%	1.6%	55.4	53.74	1.66	1.9%	52.53
Slovenia	2,005,692	39.41	50.13	-7.3%[xlvii]	$27,900	914	9.4%	12.3%	20.58	23.54	-2.96	-5.9%	34%	0.8%	24.3	22.9	1.4	2.8%	55	0[xlviii]
Solomon Islands	609,794	1.57	0.676	0.4%	$2,600	203	0		0.05	0.075	-0.25	-3.7%		6.3%	0.237	0.256	-0.019	-2.8%	0.166	-224
Somalia	9,832,017	5.731	2.763	2.6%[109]	$600	3,447			0	0	0				0.3	0.798	-0.498	-18%	3	-758
South Africa	49,052,489	495.1	280.6	-1.8%[110]	$10,100	17,320	24%	50%	74.92	86.26	-11.97	-4.3%	35.7%	7.2%	67.93	70.24	-2.31	-0.8%	73.84	-1,125
Spain	40,525,002	1,368	1,466	-3.6%[xlix]	$33,700	22,970	18.1%	19.8%	420.4	536.3	-115.9	-7.9%	50%	-0.8%	215.7	293.2	-77.5	-5.3%	2,410	6,867
Sri Lanka	21,513,990	96.43	41.81	3.5%[111]	$4,500	8,100	5.9%	23%	6.224	9.801	-3.577	-8.6%	82.9%	3.4%	7	9.6	-2.6	-6.2%	19.45	-730
Sudan	41,087,825	92.81	54.94	3.8%[112]	$2,300	11,920	18.7%	40%	9.046	10.83	-1.784	-3.2%	104.5%	12.3%	8.464	6.823	1.641	2.9%	36.27	-2,384
Suriname	481,267	4.274	3.184	-2.2%[113]	$9,000	166	9.5%	70%	0.393	0.426	-0.033	-1%		6.4%	1.391	1.297	0.094	2.9%	0.504	-102
Swaziland	1,337,186	5.882	2.963	-0.4%[114]	$4,400	458	40%	69%	0.592	0.695	-0.103	-3.5%		8.5%	1.57	1.643	-0.073	-2.5%	0.534	-67
Sweden	9,059,651	333.5	402.4	-4.4%	$36,800	4,930	9.3%		196.9	211.4	-14.5	-3.6%	43.2%	-0.5%	132.8	121.1	11.7	2.9%	669.1	4,732
Switzerland	7,604,467	317	489.8	-1.5%	$41,700	4,280	4.4%	7,4%	151.5	150	1.5	0.3%	43.5%	0.1%	190.1	177.2	12.9	2.6%	1,339	2,038
Syria	21,762,978	100.7	54.99	1.8%[115]	$4,600	5,772	9.2%	11.9%	9.02	13.14	-4.12	-7.5%	32.3%	3.8%	10.13	13.1	-2.97	-5.4%	7.621	-136
Taiwan	23,024,956	717.7	361.5	-2.5%[116]	$29,800	10,920	5.9%	1.08%	53.3	57.2	-3.9	-1.1%	33.5%	-0.9%	203.7	174.7	29	8%	79.8
Tajikstan	7,349,145	13.8	4.741	3.4%[117]	$1,800	2,100	2.2%	60%	1.22	1.2	0.02	0.4		6.4%	1	2.908	-1.908	-40.2%	1.691	-291
Tanzania	41,048,532	57.89	22.42	4.9%[118]	$1,400	21,230		36%	3.78	4.693	-0.913	-4.1%	24.8%	11.6%	2.744	5.545	-2.801	-12.5%	7.07	-2,331
Thailand	66,404,688	538.6	269.6	-2.8%[119]	$8,100	38,240	1.6%	9.6%	40.9	51.5	-10.6	-3.9%	45.9%	-0.9%%	150.9	131.5	19.4	7.2%	66.3	-621
Timor-Leste	1,131,612	2.74	0.606	7.2%[120]	$2,400	414	20%	42%	0.733	0.309	0.424	70%		7.8%	0.010	0.202	-0.192	-31.7%	0	-278
Togo	6,031,808	5.202	2.804	1.8%	$900	2,595		32%	0.469	0.535	-0.068	-2.4%		3.3%	0.729	1.399	-0.67	-23.9%	2	-758
Tokelau	1,400	0.0015	0	[121]	$1,000	0			0.00043	0.0028	-0.0024	-158%			0	0.969	-0.969		0
Tonga	122,580	0.552	0.262	-0.5%[122]	$4,600	40	13%	24%	0.081	0.11	-0.029	-11%		5.9%	0.022	0.139	-0.117	-44.7%	0.081	-26
Trinidad & Tobago	1,229,953	28.41	23.27	-3.5%[123]	$23,100	629	7.5%	17%	6.176	7.415	-1.239	-5.4%	26.7%	7.6%	10.64	7.449	3.191	13.7%	2.079	-12
Tunisia	10,486,339	83.21	40.04	0.3%[124]	$8,000	3,750	14.7%	3.8%	9.626	10.99	-1.365	-3.4%	47.2%	3.7%	14.43	19.04	-4.61	-11.5%	15.64	-479
Turkey	76,805,524	863.3	608	-5.6%[125]	$11,200	25,300	14.5%	17.11%	145.3	180.6	-35.5	-5.8%	48.5%	6.5%	102.2	140.8	-38.6	-6.3%	274	-2,024
Turkmenistan	5,042,920	33.58	16.24	6.1%[126]	$6,900	2,300	60%	30%	1.528	1.612	-0.084	-0.5%		15%	8.29	4.442	3.848	23.7%	5	-18
Turks & Caicos	22,942	0.216	0.216	4.9%	$11,500	4.8	10%		0.047	0.0336	0.0134	6.2%		4%	0.1692	0.1756	-0.0064		0
Tuvalu	10,472	0.015	0.015	3%	$1,600	4			0.022	0.023	-0.001	-6.6%		3.8%	0.001	0.013	-0.012	-80%	0	-17
Uganda	32,369,558	43.22	15.84	6.6%[127]	$1,300	15,010		35%	2.007	2.508	-0.501	-3.2%	19.3%	12.6%	3.151	4.106	-0.955	-6%	2.05	-330
Ukraine	45,700,395	294.3	117.1	-14.1%[l]	$6,400[li]	20,400	4.8%	35%	26.35	34.37	-8.02	-6.8%	30%	12.3%	41.49	45.58	-4.09	-3.5%	104	-618
United Arab Emirates	4,798,491	201.4	231.3	-3.5%[128]	$42,000	3,168	2.4%	19.5%	54.05	54.68	-0.63	-0.3%	47.2%	1.5%	174	141	33	14.3%		181
United Kingdom	61,113,205	2,149	2,224	-4.8%	$35,200	31,250	8%	14%	819.9	1,132	-312.1	-14%	68.5%	2.1%	351.3	473.6	-122.3	-5.5%	9,088	11,500
United States	307,212,123	14,260	14,430	-2.4%[129]	$46,400	154,100	9.3%	12%	1,914	3,615	-1,701	-11.8%	52.9%	-0.7%	994.7	1,445	-450.3	-3.1%	13,450	26,842
Uruguay	3,494,382	44.52	31.98	1.7%[130]	$12,700	1,636	7.9%	27.4%	8.841	9.666	-0.825	-2.6%	58.7%	7.3%	6.32	6.576	-0.256	-0.8%	12.61	-33
Uzbekistan	27,606,007	77.55	30.68	6.8%[131]	$2,800	15,650	1.1%	26%	8.826	9.209	-0.383	-1.2%	11.7%	8.6%	9.47	6.51	2.96	9.6%	3.63	-187
Vanuatu	221,552	1.041	0.561	3.8%	$4,800	116	1.7%		0.079	0.072	0.007	1.3%		3.9%	0.04	0.156	-0.116	-20.7%	0.081	-92
Venezuela	26,814,843	350.1	357.6	-2.9%[132]	$13,100	12,670	10.9%	37.9%	65.14	92.04	-26.9	-7.5%	19.4%	27.1%	51.99	41.04	10.95	3%	43.41	-59
Vietnam	89,571,130	258.1	92.84	7.8%[133]	$2,900	43,870	2.9%	12.3%	21.89	30.42	-8.83	-9.5%	52.3%	6.9%	56.55	62.69	-6.14	-6.6%	31	-2,552
Virgin Islands	109,825	1.577	0	2%	$14,500	50	6.2%	28.9%	0.837	0.837	0	0%		2.2%	4.234	4.609	-0.375
Wallis and Futuna	15,343	0.06			$3,800	3	15.2%						5.6%	2.8%					3.67	-131
Western Sahara	405,210	0.9			$2,500	12									0	0	0		0	0
Yemen	22,858,238	58.19	26.54	3.8%[134]	$2,500	6,641	35%	45.2%	6.202	9.355	-3.153	-11.9%	39.6%	3.6%	5.55	7.12	-1.57	-5.9%	6.245	-305
Zambia	11,862,740	18.5	12.44	4.5%[135]	$1,500	5,398	50%	86%	2.514	2.86	-0.346	-2.8%	31.5%	13.5%	4.388	4.131	0.257	2%	3.314	-1,086
Zimbabwe	11,392,629	0.332	0	3.7%	$100	3,840	95%	68%	0.133	0.258	-0.125	-38%	304.3%	5.1%	1.09	2.03	-0.94	285%	5.17	-611

---

[1] Afghanistan's economy is recovering from decades of conflict. The economy has improved significantly since the fall of the Taliban regime in 2001 largely because of the infusion of international assistance, the recovery of the agricultural sector, and service sector growth. Despite the progress of the past few years, Afghanistan is extremely poor, landlocked, and highly dependent on foreign aid, agriculture, and trade with neighboring countries. Afghanistan's living standards are among the lowest in the world. While the international community remains committed to Afghanistan's development, pledging over $57 billion at three donors' conferences since 2002, the Government of Afghanistan will need to overcome a number of challenges, including low revenue collection, anemic job creation, high levels of corruption, weak government capacity, and poor public infrastructure.

[2] The state dominates most areas of the Algerian economy. Gradual liberalization since the mid-1990's has opened up more of the economy to private domestic and foreign participation, but recent government actions impose stricter controls on foreign investment. Hydrocarbons are the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and over 95% of export earnings. Algeria has the eighth-largest reserves of natural gas in the world and is the fourth-largest gas exporter; it ranks 15th in oil reserves. Weak global hydrocarbon prices during 2009 contributed to a 40% drop in government revenue, although the government continues to enjoy a financial cushion provided by about $150 billion in foreign currency reserves and a large hydrocarbons stabilization fund. Algeria's external debt is only about 1% of GDP.

[3] Angola's high growth rate in recent years was driven by its oil sector, and high international oil prices. Oil production and its supporting activities contribute about 85% of GDP. Increased oil production supported growth averaging more than 15% per year from 2004 to 2007. The global recession and lower prices led to a contraction in GDP in 2009. A postwar reconstruction boom and resettlement of displaced persons has led to high rates of growth in construction and agriculture as well. Much of the country's infrastructure is still damaged or undeveloped from the 27-year-long civil war. Since 2005, the government has used billions of dollars in credit lines from China, Brazil, Portugal, Germany, Spain, and the EU to rebuild Angola's public infrastructure. Although consumer inflation declined from 325% in 2000 to under 13% in 2008, the stabilization policy proved unsustainable and Angola abandoned its currency peg in 2009. Angola became a member of OPEC in late 2006 and in late 2007 was assigned a production quota of 1.9 million barrels a day (bbl), somewhat less than the 2-2.5 million bbl Angola's government had wanted. In November 2009 the IMF announced its approval of Luanda's request for a Stand-By Arrangement; the loan of $1.4 billion aims to rebuild Angola's international reserves. Corruption, especially in the extractive sectors, is a major challenge.

[4] A severe depression in Argentina, growing public and external indebtedness, and a bank run culminated in 2001 in the most serious economic, social, and political crisis in the country's turbulent history. Interim President Adolfo RODRIGUEZ SAA declared a default - the largest in history - on the government's foreign debt in December of that year, and abruptly resigned only a few days after taking office. His successor, Eduardo DUHALDE, announced an end to the peso's decade-long 1-to-1 peg to the US dollar in early 2002. The economy bottomed out that year, with real GDP 18% smaller than in 1998 and almost 60% of Argentines under the poverty line. Real GDP rebounded to grow by an average 8.5% annually over the subsequent six years, taking advantage of previously idled industrial capacity and labor, an audacious debt restructuring and reduced debt burden, excellent international financial conditions, and expansionary monetary and fiscal policies.

[5] After several years of double-digit economic growth, Armenia is facing a severe economic recession with GDP declining at least 15% in 2009, despite large loans from multilateral institutions. Sharp declines in the construction sector and workers' remittances, particularly from Russia, are the main reasons for the downturn.

[6] The Australian economy grew for 17 consecutive years before the global financial crisis. Subsequently, the Rudd government introduced a fiscal stimulus package worth over US$50 billion to offset the effect of the slowing world economy, while the Reserve Bank of Australia cut interest rates to historic lows. These policies - and continued demand for commodities, especially from China - helped the Australian economy rebound after just one quarter of negative growth. The economy grew by 1.5% during the first three quarters of 2009 - the best performance in the OECD. Unemployment, originally expected to reach 8-10%, peaked at 5.7% in late 2009 and fell to 5.3% by February 2010. As a result of an improved economy, the budget deficit is expected to peak below 4.2% of GDP and the government could return to budget surpluses as early as 2015.

[7] Azerbaijan's high economic growth during 2006-08 was attributable to large and growing oil exports, but some non-export sectors also featured double-digit growth, spurred by growth in the construction, banking, and real estate sectors. In 2009, economic growth remained above 9% even as oil prices moderated and growth in the construction sector cooled.

[8] Bahrain implemented a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the US in August 2006, the first FTA between the US and a Gulf state. Petroleum production and refining account for more than 60% of Bahrain's export receipts, 70% of government revenues, and 11% of GDP (exclusive of allied industries). ower oil prices also caused Bahrain's budget to slip back into deficit for the first time since 2002, prompting Bahrain to issue an emergency budget supplement and finance its deficits with bonds.

[9] The Oil Emirates contribute 3-5% of their GDP to international development, far exceeding the 0.7% OECD nations are striving to donate. OECD discriminatorily excludes Arab Aid. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA). Economic Trends and Impacts: Foreign Aid and Development In the Arab Region. Issue No. 4. January 2007 pg. 18

[10] The economy has grown 5-6% per year since 1996 despite political instability, poor infrastructure, corruption, insufficient power supplies, and slow implementation of economic reforms. Bangladesh remains a poor, overpopulated, and inefficiently-governed nation. Although more than half of GDP is generated through the service sector, about 45% of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with rice as the single-most-important product. Bangladesh's growth was resilient during the 2008-09 global financial crisis and recession. Garment exports, totaling $12.3 billion in FY09 and remittances from overseas Bangladeshis totaling $9.7 billion in FY09 accounted for almost 25% of GDP.

[11] The economy of Benin remains underdeveloped and dependent on subsistence agriculture, cotton production, and regional trade. Growth in real output has averaged around 4% in the past three years, but rapid population growth has offset much of this increase. Inflation has subsided over the past several years. An insufficient electrical supply continues to adversely affect Benin's economic growth though the government recently has taken steps to increase domestic power production.

[12] The Bhutan economy, one of the world's smallest and least developed, is based on agriculture and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for more than 60% of the population. The economy is closely aligned with India's through strong trade and monetary links and dependence on India's financial assistance. Model education, social, and environment programs are underway with support from multilateral development organizations. Each economic program takes into account the government's desire to protect the country's environment and cultural traditions.

[13] Botswana has maintained one of the world's highest economic growth rates since independence in 1966, though growth fell below 5% in 2007-08, and turned sharply negative in 2009, with industry falling nearly 30%. Through fiscal discipline and sound management, Botswana transformed itself from one of the poorest countries in the world to a middle-income country with a per capita GDP of $14,100 in 2008. Two major investment services rank Botswana as the best credit risk in Africa. Diamond mining has fueled much of the expansion and currently accounts for more than one-third of GDP, 70-80% of export earnings, and about half of the government's revenues. Although unemployment was 7.5% in 2007 according to official reports, unofficial estimates place it closer to 40%. HIV/AIDS infection rates are the second highest in the world and threaten Botswana's impressive economic gains.

[14] Brazil's economy outweighs that of all other South American countries and Brazil is expanding its presence in world markets. Since 2003, Brazil has steadily improved macroeconomic stability, building up foreign reserves, reducing its debt profile by shifting its debt burden toward real denominated and domestically held instruments, adhering to an inflation target, and committing to fiscal responsibility. In 2008, Brazil became a net external creditor and two ratings agencies awarded investment grade status to its debt. After record growth in 2007 and 2008, the onset of the global financial crisis hit Braxil in September 2008. Brazil's currency and its stock market - Bovespa - saw large swings as foreign investors pulled resources out of Brazil. Brazil experienced two quarters of recession, as global demand for Brazil's commodity-based exports dwindled and external credit dried up. However, Brazil was one of the first emerging markets to begin a recovery. Consumer and investor confidence revived and GDP growth returned to positive in the second quarter, 2009. The Central Bank expects growth of 5% for 2010.

[15] Brunei has a small well-to-do economy that encompasses a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, government regulation, welfare measures, and village tradition. Crude oil and natural gas production account for just over half of GDP and more than 90% of exports. The government provides for all medical services and free education through the university level and subsidizes rice and housing.

[16] One of the poorest countries in the world, landlocked Burkina Faso has few natural resources and a weak industrial base. About 90% of the population is engaged in subsistence agriculture, which is vulnerable to periodic drought. Cotton is the main cash crop and the government has joined with three other cotton producing countries in the region - Mali, Niger, and Chad - to lobby in the World Trade Organization for fewer subsidies to producers in other competing countries.

[17] Burma, a resource-rich country, suffers from pervasive government controls, inefficient economic policies, and rural poverty. Despite Burma's emergence as a natural gas exporter, socio-economic conditions have deteriorated under the regime's mismanagement, leaving most of the public in poverty, while military leaders and their business cronies exploit the country's ample natural resources. The economy suffers from serious macroeconomic imbalances - including rising inflation, fiscal deficits, multiple official exchange rates that overvalue the Burmese kyat, a distorted interest rate regime, unreliable statistics, and an inability to reconcile national accounts to determine a realistic GDP figure. A major banking crisis in 2003 caused 20 private banks to close; private banks still operate under tight restrictions, limiting the private sector's access to credit. The United States, the European Union, Canada, and Australia have imposed financial and economic sanctions on Burma, prohibiting most financial transactions with Burmese entities, imposing travel bans on Burmese officials and others connected to the ruling regime, and banning imports of certain Burmese products. The global crisis of 2008-09 caused exports and domestic consumer demand to drop.

[18] The Burundi economy is predominantly agricultural which accounts for about 35% of GDP and employs more than 90% of the population. Burundi's primary exports are coffee and tea, which account for 90% of foreign exchange earnings, though exports are a relatively small share of GDP. An ethnic-based war that lasted for over a decade resulted in more than 200,000 deaths, forced more than 48,000 refugees into Tanzania, and displaced 140,000 others internally. Only one in two children go to school, and approximately one in 15 adults has HIV/AIDS. Food, medicine, and electricity remain in short supply. Burundi's GDP grew around 4% annually in 2006-09. Burundi's main challenge to economic growth will be maintaining sufficient fiscal discipline and peace during the upcoming national elections scheduled for 2010.

[19] From 2004 to 2007, the economy grew about 10% per year, driven largely by an expansion in the garment sector, construction, agriculture, and tourism. GDP dropped to below 7% growth in 2008 and probably contracted in 2009 as a result of the global economic slowdown.

[20] Because of its modest oil resources and favorable agricultural conditions, Cameroon has one of the best-endowed primary commodity economies in sub-Saharan Africa.

[21] Chad's primarily agricultural economy will continue to be boosted by major foreign direct investment projects in the oil sector that began in 2000. At least 80% of Chad's population relies on subsistence farming and livestock raising for its livelihood.

[22] Chile has a market-oriented economy characterized by a high level of foreign trade and a reputation for strong financial institutions and sound policy that have given it the strongest sovereign bond rating in South America. Exports account for more than one-fourth of GDP, with commodities making up some three-quarters of total exports. Copper alone provides one-third of government revenue. Sovereign wealth funds - kept mostly outside the country and separate from Central Bank reserves - amounted to more than $20 billion. Chile used $4 billion from this fund to finance a fiscal stimulus package to fend off recession. The economy was starting to show signs of a rebound in the fourth quarter, 2009, although GDP still fell more than 1% for the year. In December 2009, the OECD invited Chile to become a full member, after a two year period of compliance with organization mandates. The magnitude 8.8 earthquake that struck Chile in February 2010 was one of the top ten strongest earthquakes on record. It caused considerable damage near the epicenter, located about 70 miles from Concepcion - and about 200 miles southwest of Santiago.

[23] Reforms started in the late 1970s with the phasing out of collectivized agriculture, and expanded to include the gradual liberalization of prices, fiscal decentralization, increased autonomy for state enterprises, the foundation of a diversified banking system, the development of stock markets, the rapid growth of the non-state sector, and the opening to foreign trade and investment. Annual inflows of foreign direct investment rose to nearly $108 billion in 2008. Cumulative appreciation of the renminbi against the US dollar since the end of the dollar peg was more than 20% by late 2008. The restructuring of the economy and resulting efficiency gains have contributed to a more than tenfold increase in GDP since 1978. China in 2009 stood as the second-largest economy in the world after the US, although in per capita terms the country is still lower middle-income. One demographic consequence of the "one child" policy is that China is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world. In 2009, the global economic downturn reduced foreign demand for Chinese exports for the first time in many years. The government vowed to continue reforming the economy and emphasized the need to increase domestic consumption in order to make China less dependent on foreign exports for GDP growth in the future.

[24] In Columbia foreign direct investment reached a record $10 billion in 2008. Because of the global financial crisis and weakening demand for Colombia's exports, Colombia's economy grew only 2.6% in 2008, and contracted slightly in 2009.

[25] One of the world's poorest countries, Comoros is made up of three islands that have inadequate transportation links, a young and rapidly increasing population, and few natural resources. The low educational level of the labor force contributes to a subsistence level of economic activity, high unemployment, and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical assistance. Agriculture, including fishing, hunting, and forestry, contributes 40% to GDP, employs 80% of the labor force, and provides most of the exports. The political problems have inhibited growth, which has averaged only about 1% in 2006-09. Remittances from 150,000 Comorans abroad help supplement GDP. In September 2009 the IMF approved a three-year $21 million loan for Comoros.

[26] The economy is a mixture of subsistence agriculture, an industrial sector based largely on oil, and support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa.

[27] The economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - a nation endowed with vast potential wealth - is slowly recovering from two decades of decline. Conflict that began in August 1998 has dramatically reduced national output and government revenue, increased external debt, and resulted in the deaths of more than 5 million people from violence, famine, and disease. The global recession cut economic growth in 2009 to half its 2008 level, but donor assistance and diligence on the part of the central bank have brought foreign exchange reserves to their highest levels in 25 years after the financial crisis caused reserves to fall to less than one day's worth of imports in early 2009. The DRC signed a new Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility with the IMF this year.

[28] Prior to the global economic crisis, Costa Rica enjoyed stable economic growth. The economy contracted by about 2% in 2009.

[29] In 2003, the government began a comprehensive restructuring of the economy - including elimination of price controls, privatization of the state banana company, and tax increases - to address an economic and financial crisis and to meet IMF requirements. This restructuring paved the way for an economic recovery - real growth for 2006 reached a two-decade high - and helped to reduce the debt burden, which remains at about 85% of GDP. Hurricane Dean struck the island in August 2007 causing damages equivalent to 20% of GDP. In 2009, growth slowed as a result of the global recession and is projected to pick up only slightly in 2010.

[30] The Dominican Republic economy is highly dependent upon the US, the destination for about two-thirds of exports. Remittances from the US amount to about a tenth of GDP, equivalent to almost half of exports and three-quarters of tourism receipts. The financial crisis and the US recession caused GDP to dip in 2009, but a rebound is expected in 2010.

[31] Ecuador suffered a severe economic crisis, with GDP contracting by more than 6%. Poverty increased significantly, the banking system collapsed, and Ecuador defaulted on its external debt later that year. In March 2000, Congress approved a series of structural reforms that also provided for the adoption of the US dollar as legal tender. Dollarization stabilized the economy, and positive growth returned in the years that followed, helped by high oil prices, remittances, and increased non-traditional exports. From 2002-06 the economy grew 5.5%, the highest five-year average in 25 years. The poverty rate declined during this period but remained high at 38% in 2006. After moderate growth in 2007, the economy reached a growth rate of 6.5% in 2008, in large part due to high global petroleum prices. Poverty levels declined to about 35% by the end of 2008. In December 2008 Ecuador defaulted on $3.2 billion in international bonds, representing over 80% of Ecuador's private external debt. The Ecuadorian economy contracted in 2009, mainly due to the global financial crisis, and also the sharp decline in world oil prices and remittance flows.

[32] Occupying the northeast corner of the African continent, Egypt is bisected by the highly fertile Nile valley, where most economic activity takes place. The international economic downturn slowed Egypt's GDP growth to 4.5% in 2009. The government announced three separate stimulus packages between the end of 2008 and the end of 2009 totaling $6.3 billion, but it is not clear how much has been spent. Despite high levels of economic growth over the past few years, living conditions for the average Egyptian remain poor.

[33] Economic growth in El Salvador has been modest in recent years and contracted by 2.6% in 2009. El Salvador leads the region in remittances per capita with inflows equivalent to nearly all export income and about a third of all households receive these financial inflows. In late 2006, the government and the Millennium Challenge Corporation signed a five-year, $461 million compact to stimulate economic growth and reduce poverty in the country's northern region, the primary conflict zone during the civil war, through investments in education, public services, enterprise development, and transportation infrastructure. With the adoption of the US dollar as its currency in 2001, El Salvador lost control over monetary policy. Any counter-cyclical policy response to the downturn must be through fiscal policy, which is constrained by legislative requirements for a two-thirds majority to approve any international financing.

[34] Since independence from Ethiopia in 1993, Eritrea has faced the economic problems of a small, desperately poor country, accentuated by the recent implementation of restrictive economic policies. Eritrea has a command economy under the control of the sole political party, the People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ). Like the economies of many African nations, the economy is largely based on subsistence agriculture, with 80% of the population involved in farming and herding. The Ethiopian-Eritrea war in 1998-2000 severely hurt Eritrea's economy. GDP growth fell to zero in 1999 and to -12.1% in 2000. The May 2000 Ethiopian offensive into northern Eritrea caused some $600 million in property damage and loss, including losses of $225 million in livestock and 55,000 homes. The attack prevented planting of crops in Eritrea's most productive region, causing food production to drop by 62%. The government strictly controls the use of foreign currency by limiting access and availability. Few private enterprises remain in Eritrea. Eritrea's economy depends heavily on taxes paid by members of the diaspora. Eritrea's economic future depends upon its ability to master social problems such as illiteracy, unemployment, and low skills, and more importantly, on the government's willingness to support a true market economy.

[35] Budget information for the Falkland Islands and others are from 99/00.

[36] Ethiopia's poverty-stricken economy is based on agriculture, accounting for 45% of GDP, and 85% of total employment. In November 2001, Ethiopia qualified for debt relief from the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative, and in December 2005 the IMF forgave Ethiopia's debt. Under Ethiopia's constitution, the state owns all land and provides long-term leases to the tenants; the system continues to hamper growth in the industrial sector as entrepreneurs are unable to use land as collateral for loans. Drought struck again late in 2002, leading to a 3.3% decline in GDP in 2003. Although GDP growth has since rebounded, soaring commodity prices in 2007 and 2008 and the global economic downturn led to balance of payments pressures, partially alleviated by recent emergency funding from the IMF.

[37] Ghana has roughly twice the per capita output of the poorest countries in West Africa. The domestic economy continues to revolve around agriculture, which accounts for about 35% of GDP and employs about 55% of the work force, mainly small landholders. Sound macro-economic management along with high prices for gold and cocoa helped sustain GDP growth in 2008 and 2009.

[38] The economy depends largely on US military spending and tourism. Total US grants, wage payments, and procurement outlays amounted to $1.3 billion in 2004. Over the past 30 years, the tourist industry has grown to become the largest income source following national defense. The Guam economy continues to experience expansion in both its tourism and military sectors.

[39] The Guatemalan economy contracted in 2009 as export demand from US and other Central American markets fell and foreign investment slowed amid the global recession. The economy will likely recover gradually in 2010 and return to more normal growth rates by 2012.

[40] Guinea possesses major mineral, hydropower, and agricultural resources, yet remains an underdeveloped nation. The country has almost half of the world's bauxite reserves. The mining sector accounts for more than 70% of exports. Long-run improvements in government fiscal arrangements, literacy, and the legal framework are needed if the country is to move out of poverty. Growth rose slightly in 2006-08, primarily due to increases in global demand and commodity prices on world markets, but the standard of living fell. The Guinea franc depreciated sharply as the prices for basic necessities like food and fuel rose beyond the reach of many Guineans.

[41] One of the six poorest countries in the world, Guinea-Bissau depends mainly on farming and fishing. Cashew crops have increased remarkably in recent years, and the country now ranks fifth in cashew production. Guinea-Bissau exports fish and seafood along with small amounts of peanuts, palm kernels, and timber. Rice is the major crop and staple food. However, intermittent fighting between Senegalese-backed government troops and a military junta destroyed much of the country's infrastructure and caused widespread damage to the economy in 1998; the civil war led to a 28% drop in GDP that year, with partial recovery in 1999-2002.

[42] Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere with 80% of the population living under the poverty line and 54% in abject poverty. Two-thirds of all Haitians depend on the agricultural sector, mainly small-scale subsistence farming, and remain vulnerable to damage from frequent natural disasters, exacerbated by the country's widespread deforestation. The apparel sector accounts for two-thirds of Haitian exports and nearly one-tenth of GDP. Remittances are the primary source of foreign exchange, equaling nearly a quarter of GDP and more than twice the earnings from exports. Haiti suffers from a lack of investment because of insecurity and limited infrastructure, and a severe trade deficit. In 2005, Haiti paid its arrears to the World Bank, paving the way for reengagement with the Bank. Haiti received debt forgiveness for about $525 million of its debt through the Highly-Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative in 2009. The government relies on formal international economic assistance for fiscal sustainability.

[43] Honduras, the second poorest country in Central America, suffers from extraordinarily unequal distribution of income, as well as high unemployment and underemployment. Nearly half of Honduras's economic activity is directly tied to the US, with exports to the US equivalent to 30% of GDP and remittances for another 22%. The economy is expected to register marginally positive economic growth in 2010, insufficient to improve living standards for the nearly 60% of the population in poverty. Despite improvements in tax collections, the government's fiscal deficit is growing due to increases in current expenditures from increasing public wages.

[44] Hong Kong's natural resources are limited, and food and raw materials must be imported. Hong Kong has a free market economy highly dependent on international trade and finance - the value of goods and services trade, including the sizable share of re-exports, is about four times GDP. GDP growth averaged a strong 4% from 1989 to 2008. Hong Kong's GDP fell in 2009 as a result of the global financial crisis, but a recovery began in third quarter 2009. Pursuant to an agreement signed by China and the UK on 19 December 1984, Hong Kong became the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997. In this agreement, China promised that, under its "one country, two systems" formula, China's socialist economic system would not be imposed on Hong Kong and that Hong Kong would enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign and defense affairs for the next 50 years.

[45] India is developing into an open-market economy, yet traces of its past autarkic policies remain. Economic liberalization, including reduced controls on foreign trade and investment, began in the early 1990s and has served to accelerate the country's growth, which has averaged more than 7% per year since 1997. India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. Slightly more than half of the work force is in agriculture, but services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for more than half of India's output, with only one-third of its labor force. An industrial slowdown early in 2008, followed by the global financial crisis, led annual GDP growth to slow to 6.5% in 2009, still second highest growth in the world among major economies. India escaped the brunt of the global financial crisis because of cautious banking policies and a relatively low dependence on exports for growth. India's fiscal deficit increased substantially in 2008 due to fuel and fertilizer subsidies, a debt waiver program for farmers, a job guarantee program for rural workers, and stimulus expenditures. The government abandoned its deficit target and allowed the deficit to reach 6.8% of GDP in FY10. Nevertheless, as shares of GDP, both government spending and taxation are among the lowest in the world. The government has expressed a commitment to fiscal stimulus in FY10, and to deficit reduction the following two years. It has increased the pace of privatization of government-owned companies, partly to offset the deficit. India's long term challenges include widespread poverty, inadequate physical and social infrastructure, limited employment opportunities, and insufficient access to basic and higher education. Over the long-term, a growing population and changing demographics will only exacerbate social, economic, and environmental problems.

[46] Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has weathered the global financial crisis relatively smoothly because of its heavy reliance on domestic consumption as the driver of economic growth. Although the economy slowed significantly from the 6%-plus growth rate recorded in 2007 and 2008, expanding at 4% in the first half of 2009, Indonesia outperformed its regional neighbors and joined China and India as the only G20 members posting growth during the crisis. The government in 2010 faces the ongoing challenge of improving Indonesia's insufficient infrastructure to remove impediments to economic growth, while addressing climate change mitigation and adaptation needs, particularly with regard to conserving Indonesia's forests and peatlands.

[47] Iran's economy is marked by an inefficient state sector, reliance on the oil sector, which provides the majority of government revenues, and statist policies, which create major distortions throughout the system. The legislature recently passed President Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD's bill to reduce subsidies, particularly on food and energy. The bill would phase out subsidies - which benefit Iran's upper and middle classes the most - over three to five years and replace them with cash payments to Iran's lower classes.

[48] Israel has a technologically advanced market economy. It depends on imports of crude oil, grains, raw materials, and military equipment. Despite limited natural resources, Israel has intensively developed its agricultural and industrial sectors over the past 20 years. Cut diamonds, high-technology equipment, and agricultural products (fruits and vegetables) are the leading exports. Israel usually posts sizable trade deficits, which are covered by large transfer payments from abroad and by foreign loans. Roughly half of the government's external debt is owed to the US, its major source of economic and military aid. Israel's GDP, after contracting slightly in 2001 and 2002 due to the Palestinian conflict and troubles in the high-technology sector, grew about 5% per year from 2004-07. The global financial crisis of 2008-09 spurred a brief recession in Israel, but the country entered the crisis with solid fundamentals - following years of prudent fiscal policy and a series of liberalizing reforms - and a resilient banking sector, and the economy has shown signs of an early recovery. Following GDP growth of 4% in 2008, Israel's GDP grew by 0.5% in 2009 and is expected to expand in 2010.

[49] Israel has a technologically advanced market economy. It depends on imports of crude oil, grains, raw materials, and military equipment. Despite limited natural resources, Israel has intensively developed its agricultural and industrial sectors over the past 20 years. Cut diamonds, high-technology equipment, and agricultural products (fruits and vegetables) are the leading exports. Israel usually posts sizable trade deficits, which are covered by large transfer payments from abroad and by foreign loans. Roughly half of the government's external debt is owed to the US, its major source of economic and military aid. Israel's GDP, after contracting slightly in 2001 and 2002 due to the Palestinian conflict and troubles in the high-technology sector, grew about 5% per year from 2004-07. The global financial crisis of 2008-09 spurred a brief recession in Israel, but the country entered the crisis with solid fundamentals - following years of prudent fiscal policy and a series of liberalizing reforms - and a resilient banking sector, and the economy has shown signs of an early recovery. Following GDP growth of 4% in 2008, Israel's GDP grew by 0.5% in 2009 and is expected to expand in 2010.

[50] Remittances account for nearly 20% of GDP, but have declined 15% since the onset of the Global recession. Tourism revenues account for 20% of GDP, and arrivals have remained strong, up 4% in 2009, although total revenues have declined due to discounts offered to retain visitors. Jamaica's onerous debt burden - the fourth highest per capita - is the result of government bailouts to ailing sectors of the economy, most notably to the financial sector in the mid-to-late 1990s. The Government of Jamaica signed a $1.27 billion, 27-month Standby Agreement with the International Monetary Fund for balance of payment support in February 2010.

[51] Today, measured on a purchasing power parity basis, Japan is the third-largest economy in the world after the US and China; measured by official exchange rates, however, Japan is the second largest economy in the world behind the US. For three decades, overall real economic growth had been spectacular - a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s, and a 4% average in the 1980s. Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s, averaging just 1.7%. In October 2007 Japan's longest post-war period of economic expansion ended after 69 months and Japan entered into recession in 2008, with 2009 marking a return to near 0% interest rates. Japan's huge government debt, estimated to have reached 192% of GDP in 2009, and an aging and shrinking population are two major long-run problems.

[52] Jordan's economy is among the smallest in the Middle East, with insufficient supplies of water, oil, and other natural resources, underlying the government's heavy reliance on foreign assistance. Other economic challenges for the government include chronic high rates of poverty, unemployment, inflation, and a large budget deficit. The global economic slowdown, however, has depressed Jordan's GDP growth while foreign assistance to the government in 2009 plummeted, hampering the government's efforts to reign in the large budget deficit.

[53] Kazakhstan, the largest of the former Soviet republics in territory, excluding Russia, possesses enormous fossil fuel reserves and plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals. Kazakhstan enjoyed double-digit growth in 2000-01 and 8% or more per year in 2002-07 - thanks largely to its booming energy sector, but also to economic reform, good harvests, and increased foreign investment; GDP growth slowed to 2.4% in 2008, and turned negative in 2009

[54] The regional hub for trade and finance in East Africa, Kenya has been hampered by corruption and by reliance upon several primary goods whose prices have remained low. In 1997, and several other times, the IMF suspended Kenya's Enhanced Structural Adjustment Program due to the government's failure to maintain reforms and curb corruption. Post-election violence in early 2008, coupled with the effects of the global financial crisis on remittance and exports, reduced estimated GDP growth below 2% in 2008 and 2009.

[55] North Korea, one of the world's most centrally directed and least open economies, faces chronic economic problems. Industrial capital stock is nearly beyond repair as a result of years of underinvestment and shortages of spare parts. Large-scale military spending draws off resources needed for investment and civilian consumption. By December 2005, the government terminated most international humanitarian assistance operations in North Korea (calling instead for developmental assistance only) and restricted the activities of remaining international and non-governmental aid organizations such as the World Food Program. In May 2008, the US agreed to give 500,000 metric tons of food to North Korea via the World Food Program and US nongovernmental organizations; Pyongyang began receiving these shipments in mid-2008, but in March 2009 rejected additional US aid shipments. The economy probably grew in 2009 as a result of favorable climate conditions and energy assistance from other countries. In December 2009, North Korea carried out a redenomination of its currency, capping the amount of North Korean won that could be exchanged for the new notes, and limiting the exchange to a one-week window. Firm political control remains the Communist government's overriding concern, which will likely inhibit the loosening of economic regulations.

[56] Since the 1960s, South Korea has achieved an incredible record of growth and global integration to become a high-tech industrialized economy. Four decades ago, GDP per capita was comparable with levels in the poorer countries of Africa and Asia. In 2004, South Korea joined the trillion dollar club of world economies, and currently is among the world's twenty largest economies. The Asian financial crisis of 1997-98 exposed longstanding weaknesses in South Korea's development model including high debt/equity ratios and massive short-term foreign borrowing. GDP plunged by 6.9% in 1998, and then recovered by 9% in 1999-2000. Korea adopted numerous economic reforms following the crisis, including greater openness to foreign investment and imports. Growth moderated to about 4-5% annually between 2003 and 2007. With the global economic downturn in late 2008, South Korean GDP growth slowed to 2.2% in 2008 and declined 0.2% in 2009. In the third quarter of 2009, the economy began to recover.

[57] The 2003 Human Development Data reported South Koran ODA 2003 contributions to be $1,850 million, in 2008 it was reported to be $800 million. South Korea is the first new member of OECDs DAC (effective 2010) since Greece in 1999.

[58] Over the past few years Kosovo's economy has shown significant progress in transitioning to a market-based system and maintaining macroeconomic stability, but it is still highly dependent on the international community and the diaspora for financial and technical assistance. Remittances from the diaspora - located mainly in Germany and Switzerland - are estimated to account for about 14% of GDP, and donor-financed activities and aid for another 7.5%. Kosovo's citizens are the poorest in Europe with an average annual per capita income of only $2,500. Unemployment, around 40% of the population, is a significant problem that encourages outward migration and black market activity.

[59] Kuwait has a geographically small, but wealthy, relatively open economy with self-reported crude oil reserves of about 104 billion barrels - about 9% of world reserves. Petroleum accounts for nearly half of GDP, 95% of export revenues, and 95% of government income. Kuwait survived the economic crisis on the strength of budget surpluses generated by high oil prices, posting its eleventh consecutive budget surplus in 2009. The government in 2009 passed an economic development plan that pledges to spend up to $140 billion in five years to diversify the economy away from oil, attract more investment, and boost private sector participation in the economy.

[60] Kyrgyzstan is a poor, mountainous country with a predominantly agricultural economy. GDP grew more than 6% annually in 2007-08, partly due to higher gold prices internationally, but GDP fell 1% in 2009.

[61] The government of Laos, one of the few remaining one-party Communist states, began decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise in 1986. The results, starting from an extremely low base, were striking - growth averaged 6% per year from 1988-2008 except during the short-lived drop caused by the Asian financial crisis that began in 1997. Despite this high growth rate, Laos remains a country with an underdeveloped infrastructure, particularly in rural areas. It has a rudimentary, but improving, road system, and limited external and internal telecommunications. Economic growth has reduced official poverty rates from 46% in 1992 to 26% in 2009. Laos launched an effort to ensure the collection of taxes in 2009 as the global economic slowdown reduced revenues from mining projects. The World Bank has declared that Laos's goal of graduating from the UN Development Program's list of least-developed countries by 2020 is achievable. According Laotian officials, the 7th Socio-Economic Development Plan for 2011-15 will outline efforts to achieve Millennium Development Goals.

[62] Lebanon has a free-market economy and a strong laissez-faire commercial tradition. Political stability following the Doha Accord of May 2008 helped boost tourism and, together with a strong banking sector, enabled real GDP growth of 7% in 2009 despite a slowdown in the region.

[63] Small, landlocked, and mountainous, Lesotho relies on remittances from miners employed in South Africa. Economic growth slowed in 2009 due mainly to the effects of the global economic crisis. Lesotho's budget relies heavily on customs receipts from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU).

[64] Civil war and government mismanagement destroyed much of Liberia's economy, especially the infrastructure in and around the capital, Monrovia. Many businesses fled the country, taking capital and expertise with them, but with the conclusion of fighting and the installation of a democratically-elected government in 2006, several have returned. Liberia has the distinction of having the highest ratio of direct foreign investment to GDP in the world. President JOHNSON SIRLEAF, a Harvard-trained banker and administrator, has taken steps to reduce corruption, build support from international donors, and encourage private investment. The reconstruction of infrastructure and the raising of incomes in this ravaged economy will largely depend on generous financial and technical assistance from donor countries and foreign investment in key sectors, such as infrastructure and power generation.

[65] The Libyan economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil sector, which contribute about 95% of export earnings, 25% of GDP, and 60% of public sector wages.

[66] Macau's economy enjoyed strong growth in 2009 despite the global economic slowdown, largely on the back of strong tourism and gaming sectors. Macau's gaming and tourism businesses were fueled by China's decision to relax travel restrictions on Chinese citizens wishing to visit Macau. By 2006, Macau's gaming revenue surpassed that of the Las Vegas strip, and gaming-related taxes accounted for more than 70% of total government revenue. This city of nearly 570,000 hosted more than 21 million visitors in 2009. Almost 51% came from mainland China.

[67] Having discarded past socialist economic policies, Madagascar has since the mid-1990s followed a World Bank- and IMF-led policy of privatization and liberalization. This strategy placed the country on a slow and steady growth path from an extremely low level. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is a mainstay of the economy, accounting for more than one-fourth of GDP and employing 80% of the population. Exports of apparel have boomed in recent years primarily due to duty-free access to the US. However, Madagascar's failure to comply with the requirements of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) led to the termination of the country's duty-free access in January 2010. The current political crisis which began in early 2009 has dealt additional blows to the economy. Tourism dropped more than 50% in 2009, compared with the previous year.

[68] Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's most densely populated and least developed countries. The economy is predominately agricultural with about 85% of the population living in rural areas. Agriculture accounts for more than one-third of GDP and 90% of export revenues. The performance of the tobacco sector is key to short-term growth as tobacco accounts for more than half of exports. The economy depends on substantial inflows of economic assistance from the IMF, the World Bank, and individual donor nations. In 2009, however, Malawi has experienced some setbacks, including a general shortage of foreign exchange, which has damaged its ability to pay for imports. Investment fell 23% in 2009.

[69] Malaysia, a middle-income country, has transformed itself since the 1970s from a producer of raw materials into an emerging multi-sector economy. The government is also trying to lessen its dependence on state oil producer Petronas, which supplies 40% of government revenue. The central bank maintains healthy foreign exchange reserves and its well-developed regulatory regime has limited Malaysia's exposure to riskier financial instruments and the global financial crisis. Nevertheless, decreasing worldwide demand for consumer goods hurt Malaysia's exports and economic growth in 2009, although both began showing signs of recovery late in the year. In June 2010 NAJIB will introduce the Tenth Malaysia Plan, outlining new reforms. NAJIB already has introduced several reforms in the services sector in a bid to attract direct foreign investment, which has stagnated in recent years.

[70] Tourism, Maldives' largest economic activity, accounts for 28% of GDP and more than 60% of foreign exchange receipts. Over 90% of government tax revenue comes from import duties and tourism-related taxes. Fishing is the second leading sector. Real GDP growth averaged over 7.5% per year for more than a decade, and registered 18% in 2006, due to a rebound in tourism and reconstruction following the tsunami of December 2004. GDP slowed in 2007-08, then contracted in 2009 due to the global recession. Over the longer term Maldivian authorities worry about the impact of erosion and possible global warming on their low-lying country; 80% of the area is 1 meter or less above sea level.

[71] Mali is among the 25 poorest countries in the world, with 65% of its land area desert or semidesert and with a highly unequal distribution of income. Economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population is nomadic and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. Mali is heavily dependent on foreign aid and vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices for gold and cotton, its main exports. Mali's adherence to economic reform and the 50% devaluation of the CFA franc in January 1994 have pushed up economic growth to a 5% average in 1996-2008.

[72] After almost four decades under US administration as the easternmost part of the UN Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, the Marshall Islands attained independence in 1986 under a Compact of Free Association. Compensation claims continue as a result of US nuclear testing on some of the atolls between 1947 and 1962. The Marshall Islands hosts the US Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Reagan Missile Test Site, a key installation in the US missile defense network. The Marshall Islands received more than $1 billion in aid from the US from 1986-2002. Under the terms of the Amended Compact of Free Association, the US will provide millions of dollars per year to the Marshall Islands (RMI) through 2023, at which time a Trust Fund made up of US and RMI contributions will begin perpetual annual payouts. Government downsizing, drought, a drop in construction, the decline in tourism, and less income from the renewal of fishing vessel licenses have held GDP growth to an average of 1% over the past decade.

[73] Half the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for a livelihood, even though many of the nomads and subsistence farmers were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore, which account for nearly 40% of total exports. The nation's coastal waters are among the richest fishing areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners threatens this key source of revenue.

[74] A stable democracy with regular free elections and a positive human rights record, the country has attracted considerable foreign investment and has earned one of Africa's highest per capita incomes. Since independence in 1968, Mauritius has developed from a low-income, agriculturally based economy to a middle-income diversified economy with growing industrial, financial, and tourist sectors. For most of the period, annual growth has been in the order of 5% to 6%. This remarkable achievement has been reflected in more equitable income distribution, increased life expectancy, lowered infant mortality, and a much-improved infrastructure. In 2009, the drop in global demand for Mauritian exports caused a 4% drop in GDP.

[75] Mexico has a free market economy in the trillion dollar class. It contains a mixture of modern and outmoded industry and agriculture, increasingly dominated by the private sector. Recent administrations have expanded competition in seaports, railroads, telecommunications, electricity generation, natural gas distribution, and airports. Per capita income is roughly one-third that of the US; income distribution remains highly unequal.

[76] In 1979 the Federated States of Micronesia, a UN Trust Territory under US administration, adopted a constitution. In 1986 independence was attained under a Compact of Free Association with the US, which was amended and renewed in 2004. Present concerns include large-scale unemployment, overfishing, and overdependence on US aid. Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remote location, a lack of adequate facilities, and limited air connections hinder development. Under the original terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US provided $1.3 billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001; the level of aid has been subsequently reduced. The Amended Compact of Free Association with the US guarantees the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) millions of dollars in annual aid through 2023, and establishes a Trust Fund into which the US and the FSM make annual contributions in order to provide annual payouts to the FSM in perpetuity after 2023.

[77] Severe winters and summer droughts in 2000-02 resulted in massive livestock die-off and zero or negative GDP growth. This was compounded by falling prices for Mongolia's primary sector exports and widespread opposition to privatization. Growth averaged nearly 9% per year in 2004-08 largely because of high copper prices and new gold production. In 2008 Mongolia experienced a soaring inflation rate with year-to-year inflation reaching nearly 30% - the highest inflation rate in over a decade. By late 2008, as the country began to feel the effects of the global financial crisis, falling commodity prices helped lower inflation, but also reduced government revenues and forced cuts in spending. In early 2009, the International Monetary Fund reached a $236 million Stand-by Arrangement with Mongolia, and the country has started to move out of the crisis, although the banking sector remains unstable. In October 2009, the government passed long-awaited legislation on an investment agreement to develop Mongolia's Oyu Tolgoi mine, considered to be one of the world's largest untapped copper deposits. Mongolia's economy continues to be heavily influenced by its neighbors. Mongolia purchases 95% of its petroleum products and a substantial amount of electric power from Russia, leaving it vulnerable to price increases. Trade with China represents more than half of Mongolia's total external trade - China receives about two-thirds of Mongolia's exports.

[78] Severe volcanic activity, which began in July 1995, has put a damper on this small, open economy. A catastrophic eruption in June 1997 closed the airports and seaports, causing further economic and social dislocation. Two-thirds of the 12,000 inhabitants fled the island. Some began to return in 1998 but lack of housing limited the number. The agriculture sector continued to be affected by the lack of suitable land for farming and the destruction of crops. Prospects for the economy depend largely on developments in relation to the volcanic activity and on public sector construction activity. The UK has launched a three-year $122.8 million aid program to help reconstruct the economy. Half of the island is expected to remain uninhabitable for another decade. Statistics are from 2002.

[79] The recession in Europe--Morocco's main export market--also prompted a decline in the flow of foreign tourists and remittances, two primary sources of foreign currency. A record agricultural harvest, strong government spending, and domestic consumption, however, combined to offset losses from weak exports and helped GDP grow by 5.1% in 2009. Morocco's primary economic challenge is to accelerate and sustain growth in order to reduce high levels of unemployment and underemployment. Long-term challenges include improving education and job prospects for Morocco's youth, closing the income gap between the rich and the poor, confronting corruption, and expanding and diversifying exports beyond phosphates and low-value added products.

[80] At independence in 1975, Mozambique was one of the world's poorest countries. Socialist mismanagement and a brutal civil war from 1977-92 exacerbated the situation. In 1987, the government embarked on a series of macroeconomic reforms designed to stabilize the economy. These steps, combined with donor assistance and with political stability since the multi-party elections in 1994, have led to dramatic improvements in the country's growth rate. Monetary reforms have reduced inflation. Fiscal reforms, including the introduction of a value-added tax and reform of the customs service, have improved the government's revenue collection abilities. Mozambique remains dependent upon foreign assistance for more than half of its annual budget. Subsistence agriculture continues to employ the vast majority of the country's work force. Mozambique's once substantial foreign debt has been reduced through forgiveness and rescheduling under the IMF's Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and Enhanced HIPC initiatives, and is now at a manageable level. Mozambique grew at an average annual rate of 9% for most of the past decade, one of Africa's strongest performances. However, heavy reliance on aluminum, which accounts for about one-third of exports, subjects the economy to volatile international prices. The sharp decline in aluminum prices during the global economic crisis lowered GDP growth by several percentage points.

[81] Mining accounts for 8% of Namibia’s GDP, but provides more than 50% of foreign exchange earnings. Namibia normally imports about 50% of its cereal requirements; in drought years food shortages are a major problem in rural areas. A high per capita GDP, relative to the region, hides one of the world's most unequal income distributions. The Namibian economy is closely linked to South Africa with the Namibian dollar pegged one-to-one to the South African rand. Namibia draws 40% of its budget revenues from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). Increased payments from SACU put Namibia's budget into surplus in 2007 for the first time since independence, but SACU's receipts declined in 2009 due to the global economic crisis. The UNDP's 2005 Human Development Report indicated that 34.9% of the population live on $1 per day and 55.8% live on $2 per day.

[82] Reserves of phosphates may only last until 2010 at current mining rates. In anticipation of the exhaustion of Nauru's phosphate deposits, substantial amounts of phosphate income were invested in trust funds to help cushion the transition and provide for Nauru's economic future. As a result of heavy spending from the trust funds, the government faces virtual bankruptcy. To cut costs the government has frozen wages and reduced overstaffed public service departments. Nauru lost further revenue in 2008 with the closure of Australia's refugee processing center, making it almost totally dependent on food imports and foreign aid. Housing, hospitals, and other capital plant is deteriorating. The cost to Australia of keeping the government and economy afloat continues to climb. Few comprehensive statistics on the Nauru economy exist with estimates of Nauru's GDP varying widely.

[83] Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world, with almost one-quarter of its population living below the poverty line. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for three-fourths of the population and accounting for about one-third of GDP.

[84] Settled by both Britain and France during the first half of the 19th century, the island was made a French possession in 1853. It served as a penal colony for four decades after 1864. Agitation for independence during the 1980s and early 1990s ended in the 1998 Noumea Accord, which over a period of 15 to 20 years will transfer an increasing amount of governing responsibility from France to New Caledonia. The agreement also commits France to conduct as many as three referenda between 2013 and 2018, to decide whether New Caledonia should assume full sovereignty and independence. New Caledonia has about 25% of the world's known nickel resources.

[85] Per capita income rose for ten consecutive years until 2007 in purchasing power parity terms, but fell in 2008-09. The economy fell into recession before the start of the global financial crisis and contracted for five consecutive quarters in 2008-09. The economy posted a 1.4% decline in 2009, but pulled out of recession late in the year.

[86] Nicaragua, the poorest country in Central America, has widespread underemployment and poverty. GDP fell by almost 3% in 2009, due to decreased export demand in the US and Central American markets, lower commodity prices for key agricultural exports, and low remittance growth - remittances are equivalent to almost 15% of GDP.

[87] Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world, ranking near last on the United Nations Development Fund index of human development. It is a landlocked, Sub-Saharan nation, whose economy centers on subsistence crops, livestock, and some of the world's largest uranium deposits. Drought cycles, desertification, and strong population growth have undercut the economy.

[88] Nigeria’s oil sector, provides 95% of foreign exchange earnings and about 80% of budgetary revenues. In 2003, the government began deregulating fuel prices, announced the privatization of the country's four oil refineries, and instituted the National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy, a domestically designed and run program modeled on the IMF's Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility for fiscal and monetary management. In November 2005, Abuja won Paris Club approval for a debt-relief deal that eliminated $18 billion of debt in exchange for $12 billion in payments - a total package worth $30 billion of Nigeria's total $37 billion external debt. Based largely on increased oil exports and high global crude prices, GDP rose strongly in 2007 and 2008, and less strongly in 2009.

[89] Under US administration as part of the UN Trust Territory of the Pacific, the people of the Northern Mariana Islands decided in the 1970s not to seek independence but instead to forge closer links with the US. Negotiations for territorial status began in 1972. A covenant to establish a commonwealth in political union with the US was approved in 1975, and came into force on 24 March 1976. A new government and constitution went into effect in 1978.

[90] Oman is a middle-income economy that is heavily dependent on dwindling oil resources. Because of declining reserves, Muscat has actively pursued a development plan that focuses on diversification, industrialization, and privatization, with the objective of reducing the oil sector's contribution to GDP to 9% by 2020. The drop in oil prices in 2008 and the global financial crisis reduced Oman's budget surplus in 2009 and slowed the pace of investment and development projects, but GDP growth still was positive.

[91] Pakistan, an impoverished and underdeveloped country, has suffered from decades of internal political disputes and low levels of foreign investment. Between 2001-07, however, poverty levels decreased by 10%, as Islamabad steadily raised development spending. Between 2004-07, GDP growth in the 5-8% range was spurred by gains in the industrial and service sectors - despite severe electricity shortfalls - but growth slowed in 2008-09 and unemployment rose. Inflation remains the top concern among the public, jumping from 7.7% in 2007 to 20.8% in 2008, and 14.2% in 2009. In addition, the Pakistani rupee has depreciated since 2007 as a result of political and economic instability.

[92] The economy consists primarily of tourism, subsistence agriculture, and fishing. The government is the major employer of the work force relying heavily on financial assistance from the US. The Compact of Free Association with the US, entered into after the end of the UN trusteeship on 1 October 1994, provided Palau with up to $700 million in US aid for the following 15 years in return for furnishing military facilities. The population enjoys a per capita income roughly 50% higher than that of the Philippines and much of Micronesia.

[93] Economic growth will be bolstered by the Panama Canal expansion project that began in 2007 and is scheduled to be completed by 2014 at a cost of $5.3 billion - about 25% of current GDP. The expansion project will more than double the Canal's capacity, enabling it to accommodate ships that are now too large to transverse the transoceanic crossway, and should help to reduce the high unemployment rate. The United States and China are the top users of the Canal, and while a lower volume of cargo is expected to transit the Canal with the global economic slowdown, higher transit fees will result in a net increase in revenues. Strong economic performance has not translated into broadly shared prosperity as Panama has the second worst income distribution in Latin America. About 30% of the population lives in poverty, however, during TORRIJOS's term poverty was reduced from 40% to 30% and unemployment dropped from 12% to 6%. In 2009, the world recession reduced the amount of revenues Panama earned through global shipping that transits the Canal. Not a CAFTA signatory, Panama in December 2006 independently negotiated a free trade agreement with the US, which, when implemented, will help promote the country's economic growth.

[94] Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation has been hampered by rugged terrain and the high cost of developing infrastructure. Agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of the population. A consortium led by a major American oil company plans to begin the commercialization of the country's estimated 227 billion cubic meters of natural gas reserves through the construction of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) production facility that could begin exporting in 2013 or 2014; the largest investment project in the country's history, it received a green light in December 2009 and has the potential to double GDP in the near-term and triple Papua New Guinea's export revenue.

[95] Paraguay’s economy grew rapidly between 2003 and 2008 as growing world demand for commodities combined with high prices and favorable weather to support Paraguay's commodity-based export expansion. Paraguay is the sixth largest soy producer in the world. Drought hit in 2008, reducing agricultural exports and slowing the economy even before the onset of the global recession. The economy fell 3.5% in 2009, as lower world demand and commodity prices caused exports to contract. The government reacted by introducing fiscal and monetary stimulus packages. Political uncertainty, corruption, limited progress on structural reform, and deficient infrastructure are the main obstacles to growth.

[96] The Peruvian economy grew by more than 4% per year during the period 2002-06, with a stable exchange rate and low inflation. Growth jumped to 9% per year in 2007 and 2008, driven by higher world prices for minerals and metals and the government's aggressive trade liberalization strategies, but then fell to 1% in 2009 in the face of the world recession and lower commodity export prices. Peru's rapid expansion has helped to reduce the national poverty rate by about 15% since 2002,

[97] Philippine GDP grew barely 1% in 2009 but the economy weathered the 2008-09 global recession better than its regional peers due to minimal exposure to securities issued by troubled global financial institutions; lower dependence on exports; relatively resilient domestic consumption, supported by large remittances from four-to five-million overseas Filipino workers; and a growing business process outsourcing industry. Economic growth in the Philippines has averaged 4.5% per year since 2001.

[98] Encouraged by duty-free access to the US and by tax incentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s. US minimum wage laws apply. Sugar production has lost out to dairy production and other livestock products as the main source of income in the agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of income with estimated arrivals of more than 3.6 million tourists in 2008. Growth fell off in 2001-03, largely due to the slowdown in the US economy, recovered in 2004-05, but declined again in 2006-08.

[99] Puerto Rican budget figures are from 99/00

[100] Despite the global financial crisis, Qatar has maintained its economic growth of the last several years. The drop in oil prices in late 2008 and the global financial crisis reduced Qatar's budget surplus and slowed the pace of investment and development projects in 2009, but GDP growth still registered more than 9% for the year and will likely rebound in 2010. Economic policy is focused on developing Qatar's nonassociated natural gas reserves and increasing private and foreign investment in non-energy sectors, but oil and gas still account for more than 50% of GDP, roughly 85% of export earnings, and 70% of government revenues. Oil and gas have made Qatar the second highest per-capita income country - following Liechtenstein - and the world's second fastest growing - following Macau. Proved oil reserves of 15 billion barrels should enable continued output at current levels for 37 years. Qatar's proved reserves of natural gas exceed 25 trillion cubic meters, about 14% of the world total and third largest in the world.

[101] Rwanda is a poor rural country with about 85% of the population engaged in (mainly subsistence) agriculture and some mineral and agro-processing. In 2008, minerals overtook coffee and tea as Rwanda's primary foreign exchange earner. The 1994 genocide decimated Rwanda's fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and temporarily stalled the country's ability to attract private and external investment. However, Rwanda has made substantial progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy to pre-1994 levels. Despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with demand, requiring food imports. Rwanda continues to receive substantial aid money and obtained IMF-World Bank Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative debt relief in 2005-06. Rwanda also received a Millennium Challenge Account Compact in 2008.

[102] New Zealand occupied the German protectorate of Western Samoa at the outbreak of World War I in 1914. It continued to administer the islands as a mandate and then as a trust territory until 1962, when the islands became the first Polynesian nation to reestablish independence in the 20th century. The country dropped the "Western" from its name in 1997. In late September 2009, an earthquake and the resulting tsunami severely damaged Samoa, and nearby American Samoa, disrupting transportation and power generation, and resulting in about 200 deaths. .

[103] American Samoa has a traditional Polynesian economy in which more than 90% of the land is communally owned. Economic activity is strongly linked to the US with which American Samoa conducts most of its commerce. In late September 2009, an earthquake and the resulting tsunami devastated American Samoa and nearby Samoa, disrupting transportation and power generation, and resulting in about 200 deaths. The US Federal Emergency Management Agency is overseeing a relief program of nearly $25 million.

[104] Sao Tome has to import all fuels, most manufactured goods, consumer goods, and a substantial amount of food. Over the years, it has had difficulty servicing its external debt and has relied heavily on concessional aid and debt rescheduling. Potential exists for the development of petroleum resources in Sao Tome's territorial waters in the oil-rich Gulf of Guinea. Real GDP growth averaged about 6% in 2006-07, as a result of increases in public expenditures and oil-related capital investment, but has been declining in the years since.

[105] Saudi Arabia has an oil-based economy with strong government controls over major economic activities. It possesses about 20% of the world's proven petroleum reserves, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 80% of budget revenues, 45% of GDP, and 90% of export earnings. Roughly 5.5 million foreign workers play an important role in the Saudi economy, particularly in the oil and service sectors, while Riyadh is struggling to reduce unemployment among its own nationals.

[106] Since independence in 1976, per capita output in this Indian Ocean archipelago has expanded to roughly seven times the pre-independence, near-subsistence level, moving the island into the upper-middle income group of countries. Growth has been led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of hard currency earnings, and by tuna fishing. GDP grew about 7-8% per year in 2006-07, driven by tourism and a boom in tourism-related construction. In 2009, GDP fell nearly 9% due to declining tourism.

[107] Sierra Leone is an extremely poor nation with tremendous inequality in income distribution. While it possesses substantial mineral, agricultural, and fishery resources, its physical and social infrastructure is not well developed, and serious social disorders continue to hamper economic development. A recent increase in political stability has led to a revival of economic activity such as the rehabilitation of bauxite and rutile mining.

[108] Singapore has a highly developed and successful free-market economy. It enjoys a remarkably open and corruption-free environment, stable prices, and a per capita GDP higher than that of most developed countries. The economy depends heavily on exports, particularly in consumer electronics, information technology products, pharmaceuticals, and on a growing financial services sector. Real GDP growth averaged 6.8% between 2004 and 2008, but contracted 2.1% in 2009 as a result of the global financial crisis. The economy has begun to rebound in 2010 and the government predicts growth of 3-5% for the year. Over the longer term, the government hopes to establish a new growth path that focuses on raising productivity growth, which has sunk to 1% per year in the last decade.

[109] Despite the lack of effective national governance, Somalia has maintained a healthy informal economy, largely based on livestock, remittance/money transfer companies, and telecommunications. Agriculture is the most important sector, with livestock normally accounting for about 40% of GDP and more than 50% of export earnings.

[110] Growth was robust from 2004 to 2008 as South Africa reaped the benefits of macroeconomic stability and a global commodities boom, but began to slow in the second half of 2008 due to the global financial crisis' impact on commodity prices and demand. GDP fell nearly 2% in 2009. More than one-quarter of South Africa's population currently receives social grants.

[111] In 1977, Colombo abandoned statist- and import substitution-policies for more market- and export-oriented policies, including encouragement of foreign investment. Sri Lanka suffered through a brutal civil war from 1983 to 2009. Despite the war, Sri Lanka saw GDP growth average nearly 5% in the last 10 years. Government spending on development and fighting the LTTE drove GDP growth to about 7% per year in 2006-08. About 1.5 million Sri Lankans work abroad, 90% of them in the Middle East. They send home more than $3 billion a year. The 2008-09 global financial crisis and recession exposed Sri Lanka's economic vulnerabilities and nearly caused a balance of payments crisis, which was alleviated by a $2.6 billion IMF standby agreement in July 2009. The Sri Lankan stock market gained over 100% in 2009, one of the best performing markets in the world. Official foreign reserves improved to more than $5 billion by November 2009, providing over 6 months of imports cover.

[112] Until the second half of 2008, Sudan's economy boomed on the back of increases in oil production, high oil prices, and large inflows of foreign direct investment. GDP growth registered more than 10% per year in 2006 and 2007. Sudan began exporting crude oil in the last quarter of 1999. Agricultural production remains important, because it employs 80% of the work force and contributes a third of GDP. he Darfur conflict, the aftermath of two decades of civil war in the south, the lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and a reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture ensure much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years despite rapid rises in average per capita income.

[113] The economy is dominated by the mining industry, with exports of alumina, gold, and oil accounting for about 85% of exports and 25% of government revenues, making the economy highly vulnerable to mineral price volatility. The economy contracted in 2009, however, as investment waned and the country earned less from its commodity exports when global prices for most commodities fell. As trade picks up, Suriname's economic outlook for 2010 has improved, but the government's budget is likely to remain strained, with increased social spending in this election year. Suriname's economic prospects for the medium term will depend on continued commitment to responsible monetary and fiscal policies and to the introduction of structural reforms to liberalize markets and promote competition.

[114] Swaziland's currency is pegged to the South African rand, subsuming Swaziland's monetary policy to South Africa. Customs duties from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) account for two-thirds of Swaziland's government revenues, and worker remittances from South Africa substantially supplement domestically earned income.

[115] Syrian economic growth slowed in 2009 to 2.2% in real terms as the global economic crisis affected oil prices and the economies of Syria's key export partners and sources of investment.

[116] In 2009, Taiwan's GDP fell by 2.5%, due primarily to a 20% year-on-year decline in exports. Taiwan's birth rate of only 1.2 child per woman is among the lowest in the world, raising the prospect of future labor shortages, falling domestic demand, and declining tax revenues. Taiwan's population is aging quickly, with the number of people over 65 accounting for 10.8% of the island's total population as of the end of 2009. The island runs a large trade surplus, and its foreign reserves are the world's fourth largest, behind China, Japan, and Russia.

[117] Tajikistan has one of the lowest per capita GDPs among the 15 former Soviet republics. Economic growth reached 10.6% in 2004, but dropped below 8% in 2005-08, as the effects of higher oil prices and then the international financial crisis began to register - mainly in the form of lower prices for key export commodities and lower remittances from Tajiks working abroad, due to the global economic downturn. In 2009 GDP growth dropped to 3.4% as a result of the world recession.

[118] Tanzania is in the bottom ten percent of the world's economies in terms of per capita income. The economy depends heavily on agriculture, which accounts for more than 40% of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 80% of the work force.

[119] Thailand enjoyed solid growth from 2000 to 2008 - averaging more than 4% per year - as it recovered from the Asian financial crisis of 1997-98. The global financial crisis of 2008-09 severely cut Thailand's exports, with most sectors experiencing double-digit drops. In 2009, the economy contracted 2.8%.

[120] The Timor-Leste economy has been little impacted by the global financial crisis and continues to recover strongly from the mid-2006 outbreak of violence and civil unrest, which disrupted both private and public sector economic activity. The government in 2008 resettled tens of thousands of an estimated 100,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs); most IDPs returned home by early 2009. The underlying economic policy challenge the country faces remains how best to use oil-and-gas wealth to lift the non-oil economy onto a higher growth path and to reduce poverty.

[121] Tokelau's small size (three villages), isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain economic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The people rely heavily on aid from New Zealand - about $10 million annually in 2008 and 2009 - to maintain public services. New Zealand's support amounts to 80% of Tokelau's recurrent government budget. An international trust fund, currently worth nearly US$32 million, was established in 2004 to provide Tokelau an independent source of revenue. The principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand.

[122] Tonga - unique among Pacific nations - never completely lost its indigenous governance. The archipelagos of "The Friendly Islands" were united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. Tonga became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900; it withdrew from the protectorate and joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. Tonga remains the only monarchy in the Pacific.

[123] In Trinidad and Tobago economic growth between 2000 and 2007 averaged slightly over 8%, significantly above the regional average of about 3.7% for that same period; however, it has slowed down since then and contracted about 2.7% in 2009.

[124] Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important agricultural, mining, tourism, and manufacturing sectors. Governmental control of economic affairs while still heavy has gradually lessened over the past decade with increasing privatization, simplification of the tax structure, and a prudent approach to debt. Progressive social policies also have helped raise living conditions in Tunisia relative to the region. Real growth, which averaged almost 5% over the past decade, declined to 4.6% in 2008 and to 0.3% in 2009 because of economic contraction and slowing of import demand in Europe - Tunisia's largest export market. Tunisia will need to reach even higher growth levels to create sufficient employment opportunities for an already large number of unemployed as well as the growing population of university graduates. The challenges ahead include: privatizing industry, liberalizing the investment code to increase foreign investment, improving government efficiency, reducing the trade deficit, and reducing socioeconomic disparities in the impoverished south and west.

[125] Turkey's dynamic economy is a complex mix of modern industry and commerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that still accounts for about 25% of employment. Real GDP growth has exceeded 6% in many years, but this strong expansion has been interrupted by sharp declines in output in 1994, 1999, and 2001. Due to global economic conditions, GDP fell to a 0.9% annual rate in 2008, and contracted by 6% in 2009. Inflation fell to 5.9% in 2009 - a 34-year low.

[126] In the past, Turkmenistan's economic statistics were state secrets. The new government has established a State Agency for Statistics, but GDP numbers and other figures are subject to wide margins of error. In particular, the rate of GDP growth is uncertain. Turkmenistan is largely a desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and sizeable gas and oil resources. One-half of its irrigated land is planted in cotton; formerly it was the world's 10th-largest producer.

[127] In 2000, Uganda qualified for enhanced Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) debt relief worth $1.3 billion and Paris Club debt relief worth $145 million. These amounts combined with the original HIPC debt relief added up to about $2 billion. The global economic downturn has hurt Uganda's exports; however, Uganda's GDP growth is still relatively strong due to past reforms and sound management of the downturn.

[128] The UAE has an open economy with a high per capita income and a sizable annual trade surplus. Successful efforts at economic diversification have reduced the portion of GDP based on oil and gas output to 25%. The country's Free Trade Zones - offering 100% foreign ownership and zero taxes - are helping to attract foreign investors. The global financial crisis, tight international credit, falling oil prices, and deflated asset prices caused GDP to drop nearly 4% in 2009. Since its founding in 1971, the Abu Dhabi Fund for Development in the United Arab Emirates has given about $5.2 billion in aid to 56 countries (2004).

[129] The US has the largest and most technologically powerful economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $46,900. Since 1975, practically all the gains in household income have gone to the top 20% of households. Soaring oil prices between 2005 and the first half of 2008 threatened inflation and unemployment, as higher gasoline prices ate into consumers' budgets. Imported oil accounts for about two-thirds of US consumption. The merchandise trade deficit reached a record $840 billion in 2008 before shrinking to $450 billion in 2009. The global economic downturn, the sub-prime mortgage crisis, investment bank failures, falling home prices, and tight credit pushed the United States into a recession by mid-2008. GDP contracted until the third quarter of 2009, making this the deepest and longest downturn since the Great Depression. To help stabilize financial markets, the US Congress established a $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) in October 2008. In January 2009 the US Congress passed and President Barack OBAMA signed a bill providing an additional $787 billion fiscal stimulus to be used over 10 years - two-thirds on additional spending and one-third on tax cuts - to create jobs and to help the economy recover. Approximately two-thirds of these funds will have been injected into the economy by the end of 2010. In March 2010, President OBAMA signed a health insurance reform bill into law that will extend coverage to an additional 32 million American citizens by 2016, through private health insurance for the general population and Medicaid for the impoverished.

[130] Uruguay's economy is characterized by an export-oriented agricultural sector, a well-educated work force, and high levels of social spending. After averaging growth of 5% annually during 1996-98, in 1999-2002 the economy suffered a major downturn, stemming largely from the spillover effects of the economic problems of its large neighbors, Argentina and Brazil. In 2001-02, Argentine citizens made massive withdrawals of dollars deposited in Uruguayan banks after bank deposits in Argentina were frozen, which led to a plunge in the Uruguayan peso, a banking crisis, and a sharp economic contraction. Real GDP fell in four years by nearly 20%, with 2002 the worst year. The unemployment rate rose, inflation surged, and the burden of external debt doubled. Financial assistance from the IMF helped stem the damage. Uruguay restructured its external debt in 2003 without asking creditors to accept a reduction on the principal. Economic growth for Uruguay resumed, and averaged 8% annually during the period 2004-08. The 2008-09 global financial crisis put a brake on Uruguay's vigorous growth, which decelerated to 2.9% in 2009. Nevertheless, the country managed to avoid a recession and keep positive growth rates, mainly through higher public expenditure and investment.

[131] Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country with 11% of the land in intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys. More than 60% of its population lives in densely populated rural communities. Export of hydrocarbons, including natural gas and petroleum, provided about 40% of foreign exchange earnings in 2009.

[132] Fueled by high oil prices, record government spending helped to boost GDP by about 10% in 2006, 8% in 2007, and nearly 5% in 2008, before the world recession caused a contraction in 2009. This spending, combined with recent minimum wage hikes and improved access to domestic credit, has created a consumption boom but has come at the cost of higher inflation - roughly 20% in 2007 and more than 30% in 2008. CHAVEZ announced a dual exchange rate system for the fixed rate bolivar. The system offers a 2.6 bolivar per dollar rate for imports of essentials, including food, medicine, and industrial machinery, and a 4.3 bolivar per dollar rate for imports of other products, including cars and telephones.

[133] The global recession has hurt Vietnam's export-oriented economy with GDP growing less than the 7% per annum average achieved during the last decade. In 2009 exports fell nearly 10% year-on-year. Vietnam's managed currency, the dong, faced downward pressure through 2009, leading the government to devalue it by more than 5% in December.

[134] Yemen is a low income country that is highly dependent on declining oil resources for revenue. Petroleum accounts for roughly 25% of GDP and 70% of government revenue. Annual real GDP growth has averaged 3-4% since 2000. Yemen has been largely unaffected by and insulated from the effects of the global economic crisis because its financial system is underdeveloped and not well integrated into the international community, but the drop in oil prices since mid-2008 slashed government oil revenues in 2009 by more than 50%, as compared to 2008.

[135] Zambia's economy has experienced strong growth in recent years, with real GDP growth in 2005-08 about 6% per year. The decline in world commodity prices and demand hurt GDP growth in 2009, but a sharp rebound in copper prices and a bumper maize crop have helped Zambia begin to recover. The population of Zimbabwe is reported lower than the year before although positive population growth is indicated, in both 2009 and 2005 Atlases. The less than $100 per capita makes Zimbabwe the poorest nation on the planet.

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[i] Tourism, the mainstay of Andorra's tiny, well-to-do economy, accounts for more than 80% of GDP. An estimated 11 million tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status for some products and by its summer and winter resorts. Andorra's comparative advantage eroded when the borders of neighboring France and Spain opened, providing broader availability of goods and lower tariffs. The banking sector, with its partial "tax haven" status, also contributes substantially to the economy.

[ii] The international financial crisis and global economic downturn in 2008 led to a recession that persisted until the third quarter of 2009. Austrian GDP contracted 3.5% in 2009 but it will probably see positive growth of nearly 2% in 2010.

[iii] Stimulus initiatives, and the government's income tax reforms pushed the budget deficit to about 4% of GDP in 2009, from only about 1.3% in 2008.

[iv] Government statistics indicate GDP growth was strong, reaching 10% in 2008, despite the roadblocks of a tough, centrally directed economy with a high rate of inflation. However, the global crisis pushed the country into recession in 2009, and GDP fell 0.2%.

[v] In 2009, Belarus devalued the ruble more than 40% and tightened some fiscal and monetary policies. Nevertheless, Belarus missed its 2009 budget targets with a deficit of less than 1% of GDP.

[vi] On 1 January 2010, Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus launched a customs union, with unified trade regulations and customs codes still under negotiation. In late January, Russia and Belarus amended their 2007 oil supply agreement.

[vii] In 2009 Belgian GDP contracted by 3.1%, the unemployment rate rose slightly, and the budget deficit worsened because of large-scale bail-outs in the financial sector. Belgian banks have been severely affected by the international financial crisis with three major banks all receiving capital injections from the government. An ageing population and rising social expenditures are also increasing pressure on public finances, making it likely the government will need to implement unpopular austerity measures to restore fiscal balance.

[viii] While unemployment has gone down from 15% in 2007 to 8% in 2009 the poverty rate has dramatically increased from 4% to 15%.

[ix] The Belgian government succeeded in balancing its budget during the 2000-2008 period.

[x] Roughly three-quarters of Belgium's trade is with other EU countries and its overall current account deficit widened to 4% of GDP in 2009.

[xi] As the result of bank bailouts Belgian foreign debt rose from $28.3 billion to over $1,354 billion as of December 31, 2008.

[xii] 2003-08 Bosnia & Herovina’s GDP growth exceeded 5% per year. However, due in large part to the global economic crisis, GDP fell by about 3% in 2009, exports fell 24%, and unemployment - as officially reported - rose above 40%.

[xiii] In 2009, Bosnia's economy was hurt by the global financial downturn, with GDP, exports, and employment all showing declines. One of Bosnia's main challenges has been to cut public sector wages and social benefits to meet the IMF's budget deficit criteria and qualify for additional tranches of Fund aid.

[xiv] Bulgaria, a former Communist country that entered the EU on 1 January 2007, averaged more than 6% growth from 2004 to 2008, driven by significant amounts of foreign direct investment. GDP in 2009 contracted by approximately 5%.

[xv] Once one of the wealthiest of the Yugoslav republics, Croatia's economy suffered badly during the 1991-95 war as output collapsed and the country missed the early waves of investment in Central and Eastern Europe that followed the fall of the Berlin Wall. Between 2000 and 2007, Croatia's economic fortunes began to improve slowly, with moderate but steady GDP growth between 4% and 6% led by a rebound in tourism and credit-driven consumer spending. Inflation over the same period has remained tame and the currency, the kuna, stable.

[xvi] The area of the Republic of Cyprus under government control has a market economy dominated by the service sector, which accounts for nearly four-fifths of GDP. Tourism, financial services, and real estate are the most important sectors.

[xvii] After a long consumption-driven upswing, Denmark's economy began slowing in early 2007 with the end of a housing boom. The global financial crisis has exacerbated this cyclical slowdown through increased borrowing costs and lower export demand, consumer confidence, and investment. The global financial crises cut Danish GDP by 0.9% in 2008 and 4.3% in 2009.

[xviii] High growth rates in Estonia - on average 8% per year from 2003 to 2007. Estonia's economy slowed down markedly and fell sharply into recession in mid-2008, primarily as a result of an investment and consumption slump following the bursting of the real estate market bubble. GDP dropped nearly 15% in 2009, among the world's highest rates of contraction.

[xix] Fishing accounts for about 95% of exports and nearly half of GDP. GDP grew 0.5% in 2008-09. The Faroese Home Rule Government produced increasing budget surpluses that helped to reduce the large public debt, most of it to Denmark. Aided by an annual subsidy from Denmark amounting to about 6% of Faroese GDP, the Faroese have a standard of living comparable to that of the Danes and other Scandinavians.

[xx] France has weathered the global economic crisis better than most other big EU economies because of more resilient consumer and government spending, and lower exposure to the downturn in global demand. Nonetheless, France's real GDP contracted 2.1% in 2009, while the unemployment rate increased from 7.4% in 2008 to nearly 10%. In response to the economic crisis the government passed a $35 billion stimulus plan in February 2009 centered on investment in infrastructure and tax breaks for small businesses. Paris also created a $25 billion strategic investment fund to protect French companies from foreign takeovers, and President Nicolas SARKOZY proposed a $52 billion plan for strategic investments in science and technology.

[xxi] Georgia's economy sustained GDP growth of more than 10% in 2006-07, based on strong inflows of foreign investment and robust government spending. However, GDP growth slowed to 2% in 2008 following the August 2008 conflict with Russia, and the economy contracted by nearly 5% in 2009 as foreign direct investment and workers' remittances declined in the wake of the global financial crisis.

[xxii] German GDP grew just over 1% in 2008 and contracted roughly 5% in 2009. Germany crept out of recession in the second and third quarters of 2009. The Germany economy probably will recover to about 1.5% growth for the year 2010.

[xxiii] Germany's record budget deficit is expected to exceed 5% of GDP in 2010. The EU has given Germany until 2013 to get its consolidated budget deficit below 3% of GDP. A new constitutional amendment likewise limits the federal government to structural deficits of no more than 0.35% of GDP per annum as of 2016.

[xxiv] Self-sufficient Gibraltar benefits from an extensive shipping trade, offshore banking, and its position as an international conference center. The British military presence has been sharply reduced and now contributes about 7% to the local economy, compared with 60% in 1984. The financial sector, tourism (almost 5 million visitors in 1998), shipping services fees, and duties on consumer goods also generate revenue. The financial sector, the shipping sector, and tourism each contribute 25%-30% of GDP. Telecommunications accounts for another 10%. In recent years, Gibraltar has seen major structural change from a public to a private sector economy, but changes in government spending still have a major impact on the level of employment.

[xxv] Greece is a major beneficiary of EU aid, equal to about 3.3% of annual GDP. The Greek economy grew by nearly 4.0% per year between 2003 and 2007, due partly to infrastructural spending related to the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, and in part to an increased availability of credit, which has sustained record levels of consumer spending. But growth dropped to 2% in 2008. The economy went into recession in 2009 and contracted by 2%.

[xxvi] Greece violated the EU's Growth and Stability Pact budget deficit criterion of no more than 3% of GDP from 2001 to 2006, but finally met that criterion in 2007-08, before exceeding it again in 2009, with the deficit reaching 12.7% of GDP.

[xxvii] Hungary's impending inability to service its short-term debt - brought on by the global financial crisis in late 2008 - led Budapest to seek and receive an IMF-arranged financial assistance package worth over $25 billion. The global economic downturn, declining exports, and low domestic consumption and fixed asset accumulation, dampened by government austerity measures, resulted in an economic contraction of 6.7% in 2009.

[xxviii] The Hungary's austerity measures, imposed since late 2006, have reduced the budget deficit from over 9% of GDP in 2006 to 3.3% in 2008.

[xxix] The foreign exposure of Icelandic banks, whose loans and other assets totaled more than 10 times the country's GDP, became unsustainable. Iceland's three largest banks collapsed in late 2008. The country secured over $10 billion in loans from the IMF and other countries to stabilize its currency and financial sector, and to back government guarantees for foreign deposits in Icelandic banks. GDP fell 6.3% in 2009, and unemployment peaked at 8.8%. GDP growth is expected to be near zero in 2010.

[xxx] GDP growth averaged 6% in 1995-2007, but economic activity dropped sharply in 2008-09 as GDP fell by 3% in 2008 and nearly 8% in 2009.

[xxxi] The Italian economy is driven in large part by the manufacture of high-quality consumer goods produced by small and medium-sized enterprises, many of them family-owned. Italy also has a sizable underground economy, which by some estimates accounts for as much as 15% of GDP.

[xxxii] The Italian government has struggled to limit government spending, but Italy's exceedingly high public debt remains above 115% of GDP, and its fiscal deficit - just 1.5% of GDP in 2007 - exceeded 5% in 2009 as the costs of servicing the country's debt rose.

[xxxiii] Latvia's economy experienced GDP growth of more than 10% per year during 2006-07; but entered a severe recession in 2008 as a result of an unsustainable current account deficit and large debt exposure amid the softening world economy. GDP plunged nearly 18% in 2009 - the three former Soviet Baltic republics had the world's worst declines last year. The IMF, EU, and other donors provided assistance to Latvia as part of an agreement to defend the currency's peg to the euro and reduce the fiscal deficit to about 5% of GDP.

[xxxiv] Lithuania's economy grew on average 8% per year for the four years prior to 2008, driven by exports and domestic demand. However, GDP plunged 15% in 2009. The three former Soviet Baltic republics had the world's worst economic declines last year.

[xxxv] Following strong expansion from 2004 to 2007, Luxembourg's economy contracted 0.9% in 2008 and 4.6% in 2009.

[xxxvi] In 2008 Moldovan growth exceeded 7%, boosted by Russia's partial removal of the bans, solid fixed capital investment, and strong domestic demand driven by remittances from abroad. The country reversed course again in 2009, due to the onset of the global financial crisis and poor economic conditions in Moldova's main foreign markets, which dramatically decreased remittances. GDP fell about 9%. In fall 2009, the IMF allocated $186 million to Moldova to cover its immediate budgetary needs, and the government signed an new agreement with the IMF in January 2010 for a program worth $574 million. The economy is likely to have a modest recovery in 2010.

[xxxvii] In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally declare its independence on 3 June 2006.

[xxxviii] The Netherlands has been one of the leading European nations for attracting foreign direct investment and is one of the four largest investors in the US. After 26 years of uninterrupted economic growth, the Netherlands' economy - which is highly open and dependent on foreign trade and financial services - was hard-hit by global economic crisis. Dutch GDP contracted 4.3% in 2009, while exports declined nearly 25% due to a sharp contraction in world demand.

[xxxix] Dutch stimulus programs and bank bailouts, however, have resulted in a government budget deficit of nearly 4.6% of GDP in 2009 that contrasts sharply with a surplus of 0.7% of GDP in 2008.

[xl] After lackluster growth of less than 1.5% in 2002-03, GDP growth picked up to 2.5-6.2% in 2004-07, partly due to higher oil prices. Growth fell to 2.5% in 2008, and the economy contracted by 1.1% in 2009 as a result of the slowing world economy and the drop in oil prices.

[xli] Before 2009, Polish GDP had grown about 5% annually.

[xlii] Economic growth had been above the EU average for much of the 1990s, but fell back in 2001-08, and shrank 3.3% in 2009. GDP per capita stands at roughly two-thirds of the EU-27 average.

[xliii] Romania's GDP growth contracted markedly in the last quarter of 2008 as the country began to feel the effects of a global downturn in financial markets and trade, and GDP fell nearly 7% in 2009, and unemployment doubled. Romania hopes to adopt the euro by 2014.

[xliv] The economy had averaged 7% growth since the 1998 Russian financial crisis, resulting in a doubling of real disposable incomes and the emergence of a middle class. The Russian economy, however, was one of the hardest hit by the 2008-09 global economic crisis as oil prices plummeted and the foreign credits that Russian banks and firms relied on dried up. The Central Bank of Russia spent one-third of its $600 billion international reserves, the world's third largest, in late 2008 to slow the devaluation of the ruble. The government also devoted $200 billion in a rescue plan to increase liquidity in the banking sector and aid Russian firms unable to roll over large foreign debts coming due. The economic decline appears to have bottomed out in mid-2009 and by the second half of the year there were signs that the economy was growing, albeit slowly. Long-term challenges include a shrinking workforce, a high level of corruption, and poor infrastructure in need of large capital investment.

[xlv] Serbia signed an augmented $4 billion Stand By Arrangement with the IMF in May 2009. IMF conditions on Serbia constrain the use of stimulus efforts to revive the economy, while Serbia's concerns about inflation and exchange rate stability preclude the use of expansionary monetary policy. Nevertheless, the IMF projects that Serbia's economy will grow by 1.5% in 2010 after a 3% contraction in 2009 as a recovery in Western Europe takes hold.

[xlvi] Slovakia's economic growth exceeded expectations in 2001-08 despite the general European slowdown. Slovakian GDP fell nearly 5% in 2009 and unemployment rose above 12%, as the global recession impacted many segments of the economy.

[xlvii] In 2009 the world recession caused the Slovenian economy to contract - through falling exports and industrial production - more than 6% and unemployment to rise above 9%.

[xlviii] In March 2004, Slovenia became the first transition country to graduate from borrower status to donor partner at the World Bank.

[xlix] Spain's mixed capitalist economy is the 12th largest in the world, and its per capita income roughly matches that of Germany and France. However, after almost 15 years of above average GDP growth, the Spanish economy began to slow in late 2007 and entered into a recession in the second quarter of 2008. Spain's unemployment rate rose from a low of about 8% in 2007 to more than 19% in December 2009 and continues to rise. Its fiscal deficit worsened from 3.8% of GDP in 2008 to about 11% of GDP in 2009, more than three times the EMU limit. GDP contracted by 3.6% from 2008, ending a 16-year growth trend. The economy is projected to resume modest growth sometime in 2010, making Spain the last major economy to emerge from the global recession.

[l] Real GDP growth exceeded 7% in 2006-07, fueled by high global prices for steel - Ukraine's top export - and by strong domestic consumption, spurred by rising pensions and wages. The drop in steel prices and Ukraine's exposure to the global financial crisis due to aggressive foreign borrowing lowered growth in 2008 and the economy contracted more than 14% in 2009, among the worst economic performances in the world. Ukraine reached an agreement with the IMF for a $16.4 billion Stand-By Arrangement in November 2008.

[li] Ukrainian per capita declined $1,000 since $7,400 (2008 est.)$7,200 (2007 est.)note: data are in 2009 US dollars.