Hospitals & Asylums
International Development (ID)
To amend Chapter 5 Columbia Institution for the Deaf, to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goals, to amend Title 22 Foreign Relations and Intercourse (a-FRaI-d) to Foreign Relations (FR-ee), to change the name of the Court of International Trade of the United States (CoITUS) to Customs Court (CC), to consider changing the name of US Agency for International Development (USAID) to US International Development, to divide the USAID Bureau for Asia and the Near East (ANE) into the Bureau for Middle East and Central Asia (MECA) including Indonesia and North Africa and the Bureau for South East Asia (SEA) including Oceania, to levy a 1% social security style payroll tax for international development, to reform voting in the Bretton Woods institutions based on population, a one person one vote system to use the IMF Special Drawing Right (SDR) as the international reserve currency, to negotiate a 30% appreciation of most developing nation currencies and to ratify the United Nations Charter Legitimate Edition (UNCLE).
Be the Democratic and Republican (DR) State Party Dissolved, Referred to the Secretary of State
1st draft Election Day 4 November 2003, 2nd 20 December 2004. 3rd 20 September 2005, 4th 20 September 2006, 5th 6 August 2007, 6th 31 August 2009
1.This revision of Chapter 5 Columbia Institution for the Deaf Title 24 US Code §231-250 may be cited the Hearing AID Act. The Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was established on February 16, 1857. An Act of Congress, that changed the institution's charter, enabling it to issue college degrees, was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) in 1864. The school for the deaf became the teaching hospital of Howard University Medical School in 1868 when it was renamed Gallaudet University in honor of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet (1787-1851), a notable figure in the advancement of deaf education, and is endowed as Education for the Deaf. I. King Jordan was elected President of Gallaudet University (1988-2006) amid student protests for a deaf leader. It is this Republican spirit, in practice and principle that this Chapter intends to convey to guide the development of a peaceful and prosperous civilian world government that is freely elected by people around the world, administers social security style benefits to the world’s poorest people and truly promotes the freedom of expression to State.
2. This is a Chapter on international relations, development and government as the world changes from the 20th century, the American Century, to an increasingly post-Western new Millennium, from the perspective the United States of America. For the vast majority of history, international relations was seen through the blood red glasses of realist theory, that studies the balance of military power and the shifting alliances between nation states. Those who contested the realist theory, that to the victor go the spoils, were disregarded as idealists. The great Greek philosopher Plato lamented, there could be no world peace without a world government to arbitrate disputes. Traders and entrepreneurs however made their dangerous way across long voyages and although of interest to rulers, were not considered of much account to international relations, a story written by kings, emperors and generals. In the enlightenment however, the significance of mercantilism, colonialism and finally the beginning of world government, led to new theories of international relations, not entirely reliant upon military force. Functionalism sets the stage for functional literacy and lends credence to the legitimacy of world institutional government and conferences to write multilateral treaties, set uniform international rules and arbitrate disputes. Dependency theory attempts to predict and counsel the behavior of States, in international relations, on the basis of their commercial and economic ties, such as imports and exports, welfare administrations and so forth. Modern international affairs and world political economy are rhetorically far more advanced than the nation states they rule but institutionally, without a legitimate civilian government or tax administration, is dysfunctional and all progress tends to be undermined by an equal part corruption.
3.
Although international relations has become more optimistic, going so far as to
establish an international government, the 20th century, empowered
by massive advances in technology and population control, was the most violent
century in history. So far these World
Wars have been the only stimulus for the establishment of world government,
which has decidedly taken on the form of a military dictatorship, in its second
attempt. The International
Telecommunication Union was founded in 1865 as the International Telegraph
Union, and the Universal Postal Union was established in 1874. Both are now
specialized United Nations agencies. In
1899, the International Peace Conference was held in The Hague to elaborate
instruments for settling crises peacefully, preventing wars and codifying rules
of warfare. It adopted the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of
International Disputes and established the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which
began work in 1902. The League of
Nations was however not founded until the First World War, and was formally
established as a world government in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles
"to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security"
that also created the International Labor Organization. Although President Woodrow Wilson was
intrinsic in founding the League, the isolationist tendencies of the Monroe
Doctrine, perversely codified in 1924 as Title 22 Foreign Relations and Intercourse
(a-FRaI-d), kept the United States out, while Russia for ideological reasons
and Germany for legal reasons, were excluded.
The League of Nations ceased its activities after failing to prevent the
Second World War. In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco
at the United Nations Conference on International Organization to draw up the
United Nations Charter, at Dumbarton Oaks, United States. The United Nations officially came into
existence on 24 October 1945. United
Nations Day is celebrated on 24 October each year.
4.
The UN Charter was written at the height of the bloodiest conflict in history
and although it has the military might the League lacked, it continued to
censure Germany and most significantly, as a military dictatorship, was hard
pressed to create a legitimate government based upon the power of taxation, but
it was a document of its times. In 2005
a UN Democracy Fund was created and at the World Summit that year it was
resolved to amend the UN Charter wherefore an entirely new UN Charter
Legitimate Edition (UNCLE)
was done on 28 February 2009. The general principle of the reform is to set
down the General of the United Nations (GUN) and elect a Secretary of the United
Nations (SUN) in general elections around the world on the same day. To cut down on viciousness of the domestic
strife the term organ is changed to branches.
The General Assembly is changed to Parliament. Consideration must be given to establishing a
bicameral legislature to reflect both sovereign equality among States and equal
rights among all individual human beings. Economic and Social Council
(ECOSOC-k) is changed to Socio-Economic Administration (SEA). The permanent membership to the Security
Council is abolished. A 1% income tax is
levied for wealthy nations to administrate social security like benefits to
poor individuals in least developed countries and finance development. The Trusteeship Council is repealed and
replaced with a Human Rights Council. So
that the money does not continue to be persecuted under Article 66, some
Chapters and Articles have been renumbered and the Preamble now enforces
Chapter IX as appears to have been the intention of the original author, before
the San Francisco conference sabotaged it.
To ratify this Charter before it is brought before a referendum of all
the people in the world, a Parliamentary Conference is called for. The rationale is that the design of the
United Nations as a military dictatorship is not acceptable political language
under Art. 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
5. While the United Nations has been fairly
successful at reducing the number of casualties of war income inequality,
poverty and death from preventable disease in developing nations has
increased. For the majority of its
existence a Cold War was waged between the two superpowers, the Soviet Union
and the United States, realist theory premised upon nuclear holocaust kept the
two nations from a direct war but numerous conflicts were fought in third world
countries, often with devastating results
To wage an unjust war in Vietnam after a just war the United States
created the unintelligible USAID Bureau of Asia and Near East (ANE) that needs
to be divided into the culturally sound Bureaus for Middle East and Central
Asian (MECA) and South East Asia (SEA).
On the bright side more than 80 nations gained their sovereign
independence from colonial rule under human rights treaties and overall the
number of extremely poor people has decreased over the past century. Near the conclusion of the Cold War the Court
of International Trade of the United States (CoITUS) was created in the Customs
Court Act of 1980, a sort of ultimate weapon that is responsible for HIV/AIDS
epidemic, a serious development crisis in the 1980s, slump in the 1990s and
world economic crisis in 2008, soaring incarceration and divorce rates in the
United States, thusly catalyzing the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. To fill the void, the European Union was
created to balance the power of the United States, but strong military ties
under NATO prevented competition so they joined forces for a new era of
colonial domination, first a neo-liberal globalization of trade that caused a slump
in donations to Official Development Assistance (ODA) causing many HIV/AIDS and
war stricken African nations to backslide into poverty. Then a neo-conservative military ideology
took hold and NATO conquered and occupied Afghanistan and Iraq, without proper
Security Council authorization. The
retaliatory spikes in the price of oil broke the industrialized economy while
social decay occurred along the lines of illiterate Taliban (student)
militants. The subsequent financial and
economic crisis presents an excellent opportunity for the United Nations to be
recreated with a civilian focus upon world prosperity while sustaining its
commitment to world peace.
6. International economic cooperation has gained
focus around the UN Millennium Development Goals, the MDGs, which aim to halve
extreme poverty, defined as less than $1 a day, and affiliated health and
development issues, by 2015. Aid flow
statistics to developing nations first began to be compiled by the Development
Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) in 1959 and a United Nations Development Program was
established in 1965. Until the world
financial and economic crisis nearly every developing nation was on target to
achieve the MDGs, but this goal has been jeopardized. At
least 60 developing countries will suffer negative per capita income growth in
2009. Only 7 countries — down from 69
countries in 2007 and 51 in 2008 — will register per capita growth of 3 percent
or higher this year. Growth of 3 percent is considered the minimum required to
achieve significant reductions in poverty. Growth
forecasts for developing countries in 2009 stood at only 1.2 percent compared
to 7.7 percent in 2007. Between 1990 and 2001, the
proportion of people living in extreme poverty (less than 1 dollar a day) in
developing countries declined from 28 to 21 percent, i.e. by 129 million
people. Under the Millennium Development
Goals it is set to decline to 10% (622 million people) by 2015. In 2005 843 million people, 12.5%
of the world population, in developing and transition countries continued to be
hungry and over a billion lived on less than a dollar a day. In 2009 the number of hungry
people is estimated to have risen to 18% (1.2 billion people). Considerable
progress against extreme poverty has been made under the Millennium Development
Goals but the economic crisis is a major setback and, as usual, is disparately
impacting the poorest people, in developing nations, where there are no social
safety nets. It will be a major
challenge to provide 600 million people with income and food security at a cost
of $600 million a day, $219 billion a year, by 2015, when ODA is predicted to
achieve the $200 billion a year level.
International Assistance
1990-2010
7. Aid flows may come under pressure in view of declining gross national income (GNI) in the major donor countries. The global economic slowdown of the early 1990s produced large fiscal deficits in donor countries leading to deep cuts in official development assistance (ODA), which fell from 0.30 per cent of their GNI in 1992 to 0.22 per cent in 1997. In 2003 UNDP estimated that $64.130 billion were administrated in ODA plus $33 billion from the Madrid Conference on the Iraq Reconstruction Fund - $97.13 billion annual total. In 2004 commitment to a $1 trillion decade for 2015 was reaffirmed and in 2005 regular assistance rose to $105 billion. Aid dropped 5.1 per cent from $106.8 billion in 2005 – a record high – to $103.9 billion in 2006 and went down to $103 billion for 2007. In 2008, aid flows from DAC donors increased again, however, reaching a new record high of $120 billion, returning to a share of 0.3 per cent of donor countries’ combined GNI. An estimated additional $500 billion in enhanced long-term official financing will be needed to cover fiscal revenue gaps and provide developing countries the required space to protect social spending and finance fiscal stimulus packages during 2009 and 2010. In 2005, donors committed to increase their aid at the Gleneagles G8 and UN Millennium -5 summits. The pledges made at these summits, combined with other commitments, implied lifting aid from USD80 billion in 2004 to USD 130 billion in 2010. Although the economic crisis has caused some donor nations to reduce their assistance estimates, donor nations are largely on track to meet the very low goal set in 2005. The goal for 2015 is to levy the $200 billion estimated to be needed to fulfill the MDGs.
8. Although the economy is reported
to have stabilized since the bailouts have ceased, the global economy will take
time to recover and the unethical transfer of financial damage to developing
economies makes the achievement of the MDGs very unlikely unless this method of
currency devaluation and appreciation is used.
Or ODA is dramatically increased and its precision of administration
greatly improved to get assistance directly those individuals in greatest
need. According to the latest UN forecast, growth of
income per capita in developing countries will decelerate significantly to zero
from 4 per cent in 2008 and almost 6 per cent on average per year during
2004-2007. Also, the recent
exchange-rate depreciations have increased the domestic cost of imported food
in many developing countries. According to the FAO, higher food prices pushed
an estimated 115 million people into hunger in 2007 and 2008, raising the total
to close to one billion people. Moreover, already before the current crisis,
two billion people suffered from micronutrient deficiencies. Even though food
prices have declined significantly from their peaks in early 2008, they remain
above recent historic trends. Trade
flows could plunge by 9 to 11 per cent for 2009 as a whole, the largest decline
since the Great Depression of the 1930s.
Oil prices have plummeted by more than 70 per cent from their peak
levels of mid-2008. Prices of metals
dropped by 50 per cent while prices of other commodities including basic grains
also declined significantly. No significant rebound is expected in the
outlook. Despite the financial sector
bailout net private capital inflows to developing economies declined by more
than 50 per cent during 2008, dropping from the peak of more than $1 trillion
registered in 2007 to less than $500 billion. Another significant decline of 50
per cent is expected for 2009.
9.
Hope for achieving the MDGs and UN reform has, as the result of economic necessity,
turned its accusatory finger at the Bretton Woods Institutions – the World Bank
and the International Monetary Fund.
Official statements have failed to come up with the correct path for
reform but they have disclosed a number of political problems undermining the
international economic regulatory system.
First, reliance upon the US dollar as the international reserve
currency, since the discontinuation of the gold standard, puts pressure on the
United States to operate on a federal budget deficit to satisfy global demand
for US Treasury securities and to resist devaluation although its balance of
payments and low level of industrial output indicate devaluation is in the
national best interest and as the world’s largest economy economic strife in
the United States has international repercussions. To redress this reliance upon the US dollar
as the international reserve it has been suggested for nations to substitute
the IMF Special Drawing Rights (SDR) on a voluntary basis and could be issued
at favorable rates of exchange to developing nations. Second, the voting system, being based upon a
nation’s contributions to the operating capital of the banks, is extremely
biased toward donor nations. It was
suggested to change the voting scale and it must be added that, this should be
done on a per capita basis, one person, one vote, to enforce equal rights in
pursuit of income equality. Third, the
legal solution to the world financial and economic crisis, that was not
introduced, is in fact for industrialized nations needing bailouts to devaluate
their currencies, valued at 85% of Gross World Product (GWP), 30% against the
appreciation of developing nation currencies valued at 15% of GWP. Were this performed the 2.1% economic decline
predicted could be reversed and for a 2% economic growth in 2009. With a GWP of
$67 the world would be victorious in its theological struggle with the number
of the beast, so long as the dollar peg was continued. The poor would have more purchasing power
with which to buy food and the great leap forward in appreciation of developing
nation currencies could be theoretically regularly continued until income
equality had been achieved.
Thus,
10. It is generally accepted
economic theory that devaluating a nation’s currency tends to stimulate the
export market. The equation above helps countries to be scientific in
estimating their need for devaluation.
By improving the national export position, that is 2/3 of economic
growth, devaluation can be expected to stimulate the economy.
Numerous case studies have shown that devaluation primarily stimulates
trade, which gives GDP statistics a significant boost; this bolsters investor
confidence and industry and employment increases, and government revenues
increase. Furthermore these gains are
permanent, nearly every nation that underwent devaluation in recent history has
a vibrant balance of payments and economic growth that is relatively immune to
external shocks. Appreciation has
benefits as well, in purchasing power which stimulates domestic distribution of
imports, government and service employment.
Currency exchange is a bilateral negotiation so nations must weight
their interests. For instance the United
States should not devaluate with OPEC nations for fear of inflation, nor with
China to guarantee their extensive investment in US Treasuries but should
definitely devaluate with the many emerging market and developing nations the
US devaluated in the 1990s. As a rule when
the financial sector is in need of a bailout the legal method of stimulating
the economy is by devaluating the currency.
This is logical. A nation with
economic troubles needs to lower their prices if they want to sell. The
equation for devaluating is quite simple.
The currency is devaluated by the proportion of the size of the bailout
less value of foreign currency reserves, divided by the size of the GDP. This will ensure that the GDPs of the nations
who engaged in the bailout do not overvalue their currency and stifle trade,
nor do nations, like China, who has accumulated significant foreign reserves,
undervalue their currency and glut the market.
This same formula can be used by the international financial system to
correct nations prone to excessive deficit spending, that could be offset by
tax revenues that could be earned from stimulating international trade through
devaluation. Whereas the United States
has defied currency law and national best interest by appreciating their
currency in the interest of their client financial institutions, with
devastating consequences upon scores of innocent developing economies and the
domestic stock and labor markets, the devaluation of the US dollar should be
from September 20, 2008.
Sanders, Tony J. Hospitals & Asylums: Chapter 5: International Development. 172 pgs. HA-31-8-09. www.title24uscode.org/AID.doc
Test Questions www.title24uscode.org/idtest.doc