Hospitals & Asylums
Attorney General
Enforcement (AGE)
To supplement Chapter 2 SoldierÕs and AirmenÕs
Home. 2.2 million people are behind bars in the United States, more than any
other nation and 693 detainees per 100,000 residents is the highest rate, after
Seychelles with 799, in a world with a norm of 144 and arbitrary legal limit of
250 detainees per 100,000 residents. An estimated 100,000 nonviolent marijuana
offenders may be safely released from federal prison. Recidivism,
re-incarceration within 3 years of release from prison, is reduced from 66% to
50% with vocational certificates, to 35% with Associate degree to 0% in those
who earned a post-conviction Bachelor degree. Since 2013 the number of
detainees nationwide has gone down slightly. The U.S. Sentencing Commission
must be abolished under Blakely v. Washington (2004) and the name of the
Court of International Trade of the United States (COITUS) needs to be changed
to Customs Court (CC). Pardons mock Rod Blagojevich, Chelsea Manning, a
former UN General Assembly President and Chinese billionaire. Whether Ņblue
ribbonÓ or Ņcross-sectionÓ the compulsory summons of jurists is involuntary
servitude and an All-Volunteer Jury is needed. Since legal fees were rejected
under the Fair Credit Reporting Act in 2009 the law firm has become obsolete.
Law school graduate unemployment is higher than 60%. Federal judges and
justices need term limits. The bar exam must be lowered to Bachelors of Law for
a civil law system to safely reduce the penal population to less than the 250
detainees per 100,000 residents with a free Bachelor's degree program for
felons who don't pay student loans. More than 300 economists and 600 churches
have asked the White House to legalize marijuana and save $12.5 billion
annually by abolishing all federal police finance - the FBI, ATF, DEA, OJP
Community Policing, State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance, ONDCP, U.S.
Marshall's Inter-Agency Drugs and Crime Task Force whereas enforcement of malum prohibitum is
malum in se. The
federal Judiciary FY 2017 budget request to Congress, sought $7.0 billion in discretionary appropriations, a 3.2 percent
increase above fiscal year 2016 funding. The DOJ FY 2017 Budget reports
$29.0 billion in discretionary budget authority and $10.2 billion in mandatory
budget authority in FY 2017, however Ōscorekeeping creditsÕ that are not a generally accepted
accounting principle (gaap) and combined
discretionary and $300 mandatory federal spending are calculated to be $31.5
billion FY 2016 with a total congressional budget authority of $34.4 billion FY
2016. OMB estimates are higher yet, at $39.1 billion FY 2016. If prohibition
were abolished Justice Department spending would go down -46.9% to $17.0
billion FY 2017 and congressional budget authority would be $19.5 billion
-43.4%. The US Constitution might be annotated so (a) Old debts would be
repealed from the first clause of Art. VI and the
section renumbered so that the supremacy clause would be number one and oath of
office, number two. (b)
Replace the Second amendment with a balanced budget amendment as redacted
'Section
1 Total outlays for any fiscal year shall not exceed total
receipts for that fiscal year. Section 2 Prior to each fiscal year, the President shall
transmit to the Congress a proposed budget for the United States Government for
that fiscal year. Section 3 Congress shall implement a
balanced budget by appropriate legislation.' (c) Replace the Third amendment with 'No
arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.' and (4) Repeal Sections 2-5 of the Fourteenth
Amendment.
Be the Democratic and Republican (DR) two-party system
Abolished
Ninth
annual Independence day ed. 13 August 2011, 10th ed. 5 February
2015, 11th ed. July 2016
1.Title 24 US Code Chapter 2 ¤41-70 SoldierÕs and AirmenÕs Home has
been completely repealed by Pub. L. 101-510, Div. A, Title Xv, Sec. 1532 of
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics
2. If the
FBI and DEA were abolished estimated an 46,055 of 114,408 employees, 40.3% of
the DOJ workforce might be laid-off leaving the justice department with an
estimated 71,945 employees FY 2017.
The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) was transferred from
the Treasury in the Homeland Security Act of 2003 and must be renamed the Bureau
of Firearms and Explosives (BFE) and be directly financed from existing taxes
on firearms and ammunition and new reasonable transaction fees for gun and
explosive background checks but congressional budget authority is needed. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
employs 35,000 people in 56 field offices located in major cities
throughout the U.S., more than 350 satellite offices called resident
agencies in cities and towns across the nation, and more than 60 international
offices called legal attachˇs in U.S. embassies worldwide. The Drug Enforcement
Administration (DEA) employs 11,055 people in 221 Domestic Offices in 21
Divisions throughout the U.S., and 90 Foreign Offices in 69 countries. For the
most part, these assets should be forfeited to the Department of Treasury Asset
Forfeiture Fund rather than the Department of Justice Asset Forfeiture Fund
whereas the Treasury makes revenues.
The savings FBI ($9.2 billion FY 2017), DEA ($2.1 billion FY
2017), OJP State Local Enforcement Assistance ($1.1 billion FY 2017) and US
Marshall Interagency Drug and Crime Task Force ($522 million FY 2017) for a
-10.4% rather than unsustainable10.4% US Marshall spending growth and $12.9
billion in savings FY 2017. Customarily when a
significant number of employees are selected for release in a force reduction
employees must be given 60 written notice regarding their eligibility for
re-employment under 5CFR351.803, however in this case the Authority for Employment of the FBI and DEA Senior
Executive Service under 5USC¤3151-3152 must be repealed or abolished and the common
clause repealed from the end of 5USC¤5301(b). Enforcement of malum prohibitum is
malum in se. Because of the physical
violence involved in miscarriages of justice resulting from the mental
incapacity of the FBI and DEA that occur with much greater than 30 percent
frequency in their cases, the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) should pay
'permanent disability' under 5USC¤3504 so that their disability retirement does
not need to be annually reviewed under 5USC¤8337(c). They should receive 40% to 80% of their
current wages for disability retirement under 5USC¤8339 from the Office of
Personnel Management (OPM).
Justice Department Summary of
Appropriations Balanced FY 2016-17
|
Appropriation |
FY 2016 |
FY 2017 |
% Change FY 2016-17 |
|
General Administration total |
142,500 |
183,457 |
28.7% |
|
General Administration |
111,500 |
125,896 |
12.9% |
|
Justice Information Sharing
Technology |
31,000 |
57,561 |
85.7% |
|
Administrative Review and Appeals
total |
559,808 |
481,852 |
-13.9% |
|
Executive Office for Immigration
Review |
416,283 |
424,151 |
1.8% |
|
Transfer from Immigration Fees
Account |
4,000 |
4,000 |
4,000 |
|
Pardon Attorney |
6,508 |
9,293 |
42.8% |
|
Office of the Inspector General |
93,709 |
97,814 |
4.4% |
|
Working Capital Fund (Rescissions) |
-69,000 |
-164,743 |
138.8% |
|
U.S. Parole Commission |
13,308 |
14,000 |
5.2% |
|
National Security Division |
95,000 |
97,337 |
2.5% |
|
General
Legal Activities total |
3,286,259 |
3,444,457 |
4.8% |
|
Solicitor General |
11,885 |
11,928 |
0.4% |
|
Tax Division |
106,979 |
114,135 |
6.7% |
|
Criminal Division |
181,745 |
198,712 |
9.3% |
|
Civil Division |
292,214 |
309,591 |
5.9% |
|
Environmental & Natural
Resource Division |
110,512 |
122,561 |
10.9% |
|
Legal Counsel |
7,989 |
8,015 |
0.3% |
|
Civil Rights Division |
148,239 |
155,621 |
5.0% |
|
Interpol |
33,437 |
36,860 |
10.2% |
|
Antitrust |
164,977 |
180,506 |
9.4% |
|
U.S. Attorneys |
2,000,000 |
2,074,402 |
3.7% |
|
U.S. Trustees |
225,908 |
229,717 |
1.7% |
|
Foreign Claims Settlement
Commission |
2,374 |
2,409 |
1.5% |
|
U.S.
Marshall's Service total with Interagency Drug and Crime Task Force FY 2017 |
2,504,021 |
2,764,439 |
10.4% |
|
U.S.
Marshall's Service total |
2,504,021 |
2,243,030 |
-10.4% |
|
Salaries & Expenses |
1,230,581 |
1,275,156 |
3.6% |
|
Construction |
15,000 |
10,000 |
-33% |
|
Federal Prisoner Detention |
1,454,414 |
1,504,009 |
3.4% |
|
Rescission of Prior Year Balances |
-195,974 |
-24,000 |
-87.8% |
|
Community Relations Service |
14,446 |
18,990 |
31.5% |
|
Assets Forfeiture Fund Current
Budget Authority |
20,514 |
20,514 |
0.0% |
|
Bureau
Firearms & Explosives total |
1,240,000 |
1,306,063 |
5.3% |
|
Federal
Prison System total |
7,478,500 |
7,299,247 |
-2.4% |
|
Salaries & Expense |
6,948,500 |
7,186,225 |
3.4% |
|
Building & Facilities |
530,000 |
113,022 |
-76.7% |
|
Federal Prison Industries
(limitation on administrative expense) |
2,700 |
2,700 |
0.0% |
|
Office
of Justice Programs with State Law Enforcement and Community Policing FY 2017
|
1,770,960 |
1,582,500 |
-10.6% |
|
Office
of Justice Programs with State Law Enforcement and Community Policing FY 2017
|
1,770,960 |
208,700 |
-88.2% |
|
Bureau of Justice Statistics |
116,000 |
154,000 |
32.8% |
|
OJP Salaries and Expenses |
[214,617] |
[224,395] |
0.2% |
|
Juvenile Justice Programs |
270,160 |
334,400 |
23.8% |
|
Public Safety Officers Benefits |
16,300 |
16,300 |
0.0% |
|
OJP wide rescissions |
-40,000 |
-20,000 |
-50% |
|
Office
of Violence against Women |
465,000 |
158,000 |
-66.0% |
|
Office |
480,000 |
489,000 |
1.9% |
|
OVF Funding within CVF |
[-379,000] |
[-326,000] |
|
|
Salaries & Expenses |
[19,912] |
[23,586] |
7.3% |
|
Rescission |
-15,000 |
-5,000 |
-66.7% |
|
Federal Bureau of Investigation
total |
8,718,001 |
0 |
-100% |
|
Drug Enforcement Administration
total |
2,080,000 |
0 |
-100% |
|
Subtotal
DOJ Discretionary Federal Spending w/o Scorekeeping Credits, Prohibition or
Bribery FY 2017 |
28,245,049 |
15,324,806 |
-45.7% |
|
Fees and Expenses of Witnesses (Mand.) |
270,000 |
270,000 |
0.0% |
|
Independent Counsel (Permanent
Indefinite) |
500 |
500 |
0% |
|
Radiation Exposure Compensation
Trust Fund (Mand.) |
65,000 |
70,000 |
7.7% |
|
Public Safety Officers Death
Benefits (Mand.) |
72,000 |
100,000 |
38.9% |
|
Criminal Justice Information
Service (FBI) |
433.000 |
433,000 |
0.0% |
|
9/11 Victim Compensation Fund |
2,565,300 |
0 |
-100% |
|
Domestic Victims of Trafficking |
6,000 |
6,000 |
0.0% |
|
21st Century Justice
Initiatives |
0 |
500,000 |
100% |
|
Subtotal,
Mandatory and Other Accounts |
2,979,233 |
1,379,500 |
-53.7% |
|
Diversion Control Fee |
[-371,515] |
[-382,662] |
3.0 |
|
Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust
Fund |
[-9,358] |
[-11,970] |
27.9% |
|
Healthcare Fraud Reimbursements
total |
-249,363 |
-320,259 |
28.4% |
|
HCFAC Mandatory Reimbursement |
[-188,882] |
[-204,019] |
8% |
|
HCFAC Discretionary Reimbursement |
[-60,480] |
[-116,240] |
92.2% |
|
Antitrust Pre-Merger Filing Fee
Total Appropriations |
[164,977] |
[169,101] |
2.5% |
|
Antitrust Pre-Merger Filing Fee
Collections |
[-103,500] |
[-106,087] |
2.5% |
|
Antitrust Pre-Merger Filing Fee
Direct Appropriation |
61,477 |
63,014 |
2.5% |
|
Assets Forfeiture Fund |
14,673 |
15,039 |
2.5% |
|
Assets Forfeiture Fund Revenues |
[-1,960,602] |
[-1,430,321] |
-27.1% |
|
Assets Forfeiture Fund
Expenditures |
[1,975,275] |
[1,445,360} |
-26.8% |
|
Diversion Control Fee |
[-371,515] |
[-382,662] |
3.0% |
|
U.S. Trustees |
225,908 |
229,717 |
1.7% |
|
U.S. Trustees Fee Collections |
[-162,000] |
[-248,000] |
53.1% |
|
U.S. Trustees Total Appropriations |
[387,908] |
[477,717] |
23.2% |
|
Victim Compensation Fund Deposits |
[-1,604[ |
[-1,644] |
2.5 % |
|
Victim Compensation Fund
Disbursements |
[2,361] |
[2,361] |
0.0% |
|
Victim Compensation Fund Balance |
[-8,196] |
[-7,479] |
-8.8% |
|
Subtotal, Fund Expenditures |
3,160,757 |
2,809,430 |
-11.1% |
|
Subtotal, Cost of Fund Revenues |
304,419 |
310,131 |
1.9% |
|
Subtotal, Mandatory and Other
Accounts |
2,979,233 |
1,379,500 |
-53.7% |
|
Subtotal, DOJ Discretionary
Federal Spending w/o Scorekeeping Credits, Prohibition or Bribery FY
2017 |
28,245,049 |
15,324,806 |
-45.7% |
|
Total Dept. of Justice
Congressional Budget Authority |
34,437,734 |
19,501,247 |
-43.4% |
|
Total Dept. of Justice Spending to
Report to OMB |
31,528,701 |
17,014,437 |
-46.0% |
|
OMB Dept. of Justice Estimate |
39,115,000 |
35,274,000 |
-9.8% |
|
Total Congressional Budget
Authority, The Judiciary w/o
Sentencing Commission |
6,778,151 |
6,973,671 |
2.8% |
|
Total Federal Judicial Spending
w/o Vaccine Injury Fund from FY 2016 and w/o Sentencing Commission from
FY2017 to report to OMB |
6,772,101 |
6,973,411 |
3.0% |
|
OMB Judiciary Federal spending
estimates |
7,724,000 |
7,852,000 |
1.7% |
Source: Department of Justice. Summary of Budget
Authority by Appropriation FY15 & FY 17, FY 2017 Judiciary Budget Summary
OMB Historical Tables Judiciary, Department of
Justice
3. The
federal Judiciary transmitted its fiscal year 2017 budget request to Congress,
seeking $7.0 billion in discretionary appropriations, a 3.2 percent increase
above fiscal year 2016 funding.
This is $1 billion less than OMB estimates. $17 million can be saved by
abolishing the US Sentencing Commission under Blakely v. Washington (2004). Federal Justice Department accounting is compromised by
Ōscorekeeping creditsÕ that are not a generally accepted accounting principle.
The DOJ FY 2017 Budget reports totals $29.0 billion in discretionary budget
authority. Furthermore, DOJ is estimating $10.2 billion in mandatory budget
authority in FY 2017. Combined
discretionary and $300 million mandatory federal Department of Justice spending
is calculated to be $31.5 billion FY 2016 with a total congressional budget
authority of $34.4 billion FY 2016. OMB estimates are higher yet, at $39.1
billion FY 2016, going down to $35.3 billion FY 2017. If prohibition were
abolished Justice Department spending would go down to $17.0 billion FY 2017,
-46% and congressional budget authority would be $19.5 billion -43.4%. Irregular scorekeeping credits are
making it difficult for DOJ to differentiate between congressional budget
authority and federal spending to report to OMB because only $2.5 billion of
the $10 billion victim compensation fund are congressional budget authority
revenues and expenditure and it takes a lot of addition errors and positive
revenues that should be written negative. The FY 2017
DOJ Budget terminates funding for the Detention Trustee. The 21.2% growth in
Executive Office for Immigration Review FY 2015-16 has stabilized at 1.8%
growth FY 2016-17 with -$4 million in revenues from the immigration fees with
0.0% growth. 42.8% growth in Pardon attorney spending. 27.9% growth for the
Vaccine Injury Compensation Trust Fund was reported as 0.0% change FY
2016-17. The
language given in the Department of Justice performance and budget documents
offensively does not provide the public with a table to explain justice
department appropriations. This all-inclusive federal spending table is
published in an annual Summary of Budget Authority by Appropriation without
written explanation. This table furthermore does not comply with generally
accepted accounting principles (gaap). A deficiency in internal control exists when the design or operation of a control does not allow
management or employees, in the normal course of performing their assigned
functions, to prevent, or detect and correct, misstatements on a timely basis.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a
combination of deficiencies, in internal control, such that there is a
reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the entityÕs financial statements
will not be prevented, or detected and corrected on a timely basis. First, DEA
Diversion Control Fee and Healthcare Fraud Reimbursements are marked as
spending. Second, neither the Offset from Antitrust Pre-Merger Filing Fee nor
Offset for US Trustees Fees and Interest should be exactly cancelled by their
collections that should obviously be written as negative revenues and the
'offset' is not appropriate language and should not be the negative figure
because 'collections' is obviously a revenue appropriation. Third, the Assets
Forfeiture Fund, US Trustees Fees and Victim Compensation must be accurately
accounted for.
Victim Compensation
Deposits, Disbursements and Balance
FY 1985-2017
(in millions)
|
Fiscal Year |
1985 |
1986 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
1991 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
|
Deposits |
68.3 |
62.5 |
77.5 |
93.6 |
133.5 |
146.2 |
128 |
221.6 |
144.7 |
185.1 |
233.9 |
|
Deposit Cap |
110 |
110 |
110 |
110 |
125 |
125 |
150 |
150 |
- |
- |
- |
|
Disbursements |
68.3 |
62.5 |
77.5 |
93.6 |
124.2 |
127.2 |
128 |
128 |
144.7 |
185.1 |
233.9 |
|
Fiscal Year |
1996 |
1997 |
1998 |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
|
Deposits |
528.9 |
362.9 |
324 |
985.2 |
777 |
544.4 |
519.5 |
361.3 |
833.7 |
668.3 |
641.8 |
|
Deposit Cap |
- |
- |
- |
||||||||
|
Disbursements |
528.9 |
362.9 |
324 |
500 |
537.5 |
550 |
600 |
617.6 |
671.3 |
620 |
625 |
|
Disbursement Cap |
- |
- |
- |
- |
500 |
537.5 |
550 |
600 |
621.3 |
620 |
625 |
|
Fund Balance Year End |
485.2 |
785.2 |
792 |
718.9 |
422.1 (822.1?) |
1,307.4 |
1,333.5 |
||||
|
Fiscal Year |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
2017 |
|
Deposits |
1,081 |
896.3 |
1,746 |
2,362 |
1,998 |
2,796 |
1,489 |
1,526 |
1,564 |
-1,604 |
-1,644 |
|
Disbursement =
Disbursement Cap |
625 |
590 |
635 |
705 |
705 |
705 |
730 |
730 |
2,361 |
2,361 |
2,361 |
|
Fund Balance at Year End |
1,784 |
2,084 |
3,147 |
8,186 |
6,100 |
8,186 |
8,954 |
9,750 |
8,953 |
8,196 |
7,479 |
Source: Sacco, Lisa N. The Crime Victims Fund:
Federal Support for Victims of Crime. Analyst in Illicit Drug and Crime Policy.
Congressional
Research Service. October 27, 2015. $2.361 billion
Disbursement Cap 2015-17 causes trust fund balance to go down about -8.8%
annually.
4. The Crime Victims Fund was
established by the Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) of 1984. The Fund is financed by
fines and penalties paid by convicted federal offenders, not from tax dollars.
As of September 2013, the Fund balance had reached
almost $9 billion and includes deposits from federal criminal fines, forfeited
bail bonds, penalties, and special assessments collected by U.S. AttorneysÕ
Offices, federal U.S. courts, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Federal
revenues deposited into the Fund also come from
gifts, donations, and bequests by private parties, as provided by an amendment
to VOCA through the USA PATRIOT Act in 2001 that went into effect in 2002. From 2002 – 2013,
over $300,000 dollars have been deposited into the Fund through this provision.
The FYs 2013–2014 reporting period saw the largest total deposits in the
FundÕs history. Almost $3.6 billion was deposited in FY 2014—the largest
amount since the Fund became operational in 1985. Coupled with nearly $1.5
billion deposited in 2013, the Fund received more than $5 billion to
support victims of crime. In FYs 2013–2014, state compensation benefits,
which consist of both federal and state funds, totaled $751,015,672. Victims
were most often compensated for claims related to assault, child abuse, and
homicide. VOCA-funded assistance totaled $655,441,166 in FYs 2013–2014.
Included within this total is $326 million for the Violence Against Women Act,
or VAWA, Programs. Common types of direct assistance included information/referrals
and criminal justice support/ advocacy. In FY2015, Congress set the CVF
obligation cap at $2.361 billion, a 216.9% increase over the FY2014 cap. The
new $2.361 billion cap on disbursements causes the trust fund to go down an
estimated -8.8% annually FY 2014-17.
Victim compensation currently only covers uninsured medical expenses and
lost wages and should be extended to property damage. To compensate people impoverished by torture and miscarriages of
justice the Commissioner of Social Security has been ordered to develop a
Pre-release procedure for institutionalized persons under which an individual
can apply for supplemental security income benefits prior to the discharge or
release of the individual from a public institution under Sec. 1631 of Title
XVI of the Social Security Act
42USC(7)XVI¤1383(m). Martinez
et al v. Astrue No. Cal. No
08-CV-48735-CW of August
11, 2009, led to the passage of No Social Security Benefits for Prisoners Act
of 2009, Public Law 111-115 that
clarified the prohibition of retroactive payments to individuals during
periods for which such individuals are prisoners, probation or parole
violators, or fugitive felons written in Eligibility for SSI Benefits in Sec.
1611 of Title XVI of the Social Security Act 42USC(7)XVI¤1382(E)(1)(A) and OASDI in Sec. 202 of Title II
of the Social Security Act 42USC(7)II¤402(x)(1)(a).
Eligibility for SSI Benefits may however continue while a person is detained in
public institution if such person needs to continue to maintain and provide for
the expenses of the home or living arrangement to which he or she may return
upon leaving the institution or facility, usually for a period not to exceed 3
months under Sec. 1611 of Title XVI of the Social Security Act 42USC(7)XVI¤1382 (E)(1)(G). If their conviction is
ultimately overturned back payments to the date their social security benefits
were terminated are due under Bloom v. Social Security Administration (10th
Cir.) No.
02-3362 (2003).
US Detainee Population and Rate 1980-2014
|
Year |
Detainees total |
Detainee Population Rate |
|
1980 |
503,586 |
220 |
|
1985 |
744,208 |
311 |
|
1990 |
1,148,702 |
457 |
|
1995 |
1,585,586 |
592 |
|
2000 |
1,937,482 |
683 |
|
2002 |
2,033,022 |
703 |
|
2004 |
2,135,335 |
725 |
|
2006 |
2,258,792 |
752 |
|
2008 |
2,307,504 |
755 |
|
2010 |
2,270,142 |
731 |
|
2012 |
2,228,424 |
707 |
|
2014 |
2,217 947 |
693 |
Source: World Prison List 2016
5. US
Prison population quadrupled
from 503,586 detainees (220 per 100,000) in 1980 to a high of 2,307,504
(755 per 100,000) in 2008 before quietly going down to 2,217,947 (696 per 100,000).
Mid-year 2014 there were 744,592 people detained in local jails, and 1,473,355
in state or federal prisons at year-end. The prison population rate was 693
detainees per 100,000 residents at year-end 2014 based on an estimated national
population of 320.1 million at end of 2014. In 2013 20.4% of people behind bars
were pre-trial detainees. 9.3% were female. 0.3% were juveniles. 5.5% were
foreign prisoners. There are estimated to be a total of 4,575 penal
institutions - 3,283 local jails at 2006, 1,190 state confinement facilities at
2005, 102 federal confinement facilities at 2005. The official capacity of the
penal system was 2,157,769 with a occupancy level of 102.7% (2013). The Obama administration has
assailed what it says are unfair and unduly harsh sentences for many inmates,
particularly minorities and nonviolent offenders. Black Americans were
incarcerated in state prisons at an average rate of 5.1 times that of white
Americans, and in some states that rate was 10 times or more. The US is 63.7%
non-Hispanic white, 12.2% black, 8.7% Hispanic white and 0.4% Hispanic black,
according to the most recent census. In five states, the disparity rate was
more than double the average. New Jersey had the highest, with a ratio of 12.2
black people to one white person in its prison system, followed by Wisconsin,
Iowa, Minnesota and Vermont. Overall, Oklahoma had the
highest rate of black people incarcerated with 2,625 black inmates people per
100,000 residents. Oklahoma is 7.7% black. Among black men in 11 states, at
least 1 in 20 were in a state prison. Hawaii, which is 2.5% black, had the
lowest incarceration rate among black people (585 per 100,000), and the lowest
ratio – 2.4 black Americans to 1 white – in its prisons. In the 25-29 age group, 8.1% of black
men - about one in 13 – were behind bars, compared with 2.6% of Hispanic
men and 1.1% of white men. It's not much different among women. In 2005 the
female population in state or federal prison increased 2.6 percent while the
number of male inmates rose 1.9 percent. By year's end, 7% of all inmates were
women. That percentage has increased to 9.3% of all inmates in 2013. The number
of females incarcerated has increased from 55.6 detainees per 100,000 residents
in 2000 to a high of 66 per 100,000 in 2006 before declining to 63.5 per
100,000 in 2010 and then increasing to 64.6 per 100,000 in 2013. For
Hispanics, there was also a disparity compared to white prison populations. The
average ratio for all states was 1.4 to 1. 3.
6. The average felony sentence to incarceration (prison or jail) in
state courts was about 3 years in 2006, compared to almost 5 years and 6 months
in federal courts. Federal felony drug offenders received incarceration terms
(7 years and 3 months) that were more than twice the length of incarceration
terms of state felony drug offenders (2 years and 7 months). State courts
accounted for the vast majority of all felony sentences in the United States
during 2006. According to the BJS Federal Justice Statistics Program, federal
courts sentenced about 73,000 persons for a felony in 2006, which rep- resented
about 6% of the combined state and federal total. State courts sentenced an
estimated 1,132,290 persons for a felony in 2006, including 206,140 (or 18% of
all felony convictions) for a violent felony. A drug crime was the most serious
conviction offense for about a third of felons sentenced in state courts that
year. In 2006 an estimated 69% of all
persons convicted of a felony in state courts were sentenced to a period of
confinement–41% to state prison and 28% to local jails. State prison
sentences averaged 4 years and 11 months in 2006. Men (83%) accounted for a
larger percentage of persons convicted of a felony, compared to their
percentage (49%) of the adult population. Most (94%) felony offenders sentenced
in 2006 pleaded guilty. Persons convicted of a violent felony received the
longest prison sentences in 2006, compared to property, drug, weapon, and other
felonies. Felony sentences to jail averaged 6 months. Among felons who were
sentenced in state courts to probation and no incarceration, the average
probation sentence was 3 years and 2 months. Life sentences accounted for less
than 1% (0.3%) of the 1.1 million felony sentences in state courts during 2006.
However, among the estimated 8,670 persons sentenced for murder or
non-negligent manslaughter that year, 23% received life in prison. Among the
estimated 460,000 persons sentenced to prison via state courts, 0.8% received
life sentences. In 2006 an estimated 38% of persons sentenced for a felony in
state courts were ordered to pay a fine as part of their sentence.
Approximately 1 in 4 property offenders was ordered to make restitution and 23%
of offenders convicted of drug possession were sentenced to treatment.
Approximately 1 in 5 rape offenders was sentenced to treatment.
7. Apprehensions for immigration
violations peaked at 1.8 million in 2000 but dropped to 516,992 in 2010—the
lowest level since 1972. The most common immigration offense charged in U.S.
district court in 2010 was illegal reentry (81%), followed by alien smuggling
(12%), misuse of visas (6%) and illegal entry (1%). Eighty-one percent of
immigration defendants who were convicted in U. S. district court received a
prison sentence in 2010. The median prison term imposed was 15 months. In
2012, five federal judicial districts along the U.S.-Mexico border accounted
for 60% of federal arrests, 53% of suspects investigated, and 41% of offenders
sentenced to prison. The number of federally
sentenced prisoners in the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) increased 84%
between fiscal year (FY) 1998 and 2012, and the number of drug offenders in
federal prison grew 63% during this time. At fiscal yearend 2012, offenders
whose most serious offense (as defined by the BOP) was a drug offense accounted
for about half (52%) of the federally sentenced prison population. In
one study almost all (99.5%) drug offenders in
federal prison were serving sentences for drug trafficking. Cocaine (powder or
crack) was the primary drug type for more than half (54%) of drug offenders in
federal prison. Race of drug offenders varied greatly by drug type. Blacks were
88% of crack cocaine offenders, Hispanics or Latinos were 54% of powder cocaine
offenders, and whites were 48% of methamphetamine offenders. More than a third
(35%) of drug offenders in federal prison at sentencing, had either no or
minimal criminal history. Nearly a quarter (24%) of drug offenders in
federal prison used a weapon in their most recent offense. The average prison
sentence for federal drug offenders was more than 11 years. Across all drug
types, crack cocaine offenders were most likely to have extensive criminal
histories (40%), used a weapon (32%), and received longer prison terms (170
months). More than half (54%) of drug offenders in the federal prison system
had a form of cocaine (powder or crack) as the primary drug type.
Methamphetamine offenders (24%) accounted for the next largest share, followed
by marijuana (12%) and heroin (6%) offenders. Offenders convicted of crimes
involving other drugs (including LSD, some prescription drugs, and MDMA or
ecstasy) made up 3% of offenders.
State by
State Detention 1999, 2005, 2013
|
Jurisdiction |
1999 In prison or jail |
1999 rate per 100,000 of all ages |
2005 In prison or jail |
2005 rate per 100,000 of all
ages |
2013 In prison or jail |
2013 rate per 100,000 adults |
2013 rate per 100,000 of all ages |
|
State |
1,714,931 |
666 |
2,007,434 |
679 |
2,012,400 |
830 |
636 |
|
Federal |
173,059 |
58 |
179,220 |
58 |
215,100 |
90 |
68 |
|
U.S. total |
1,887,990 |
724 |
2,193,798 |
737 |
2,227,500 |
910 |
704 |
|
Alabama |
33,157 |
757 |
40,561 |
890 |
46,000 |
1,230 |
951 |
|
Alaska |
2,837 |
459 |
4,678 |
705 |
5,100 |
940 |
691 |
|
Arizona |
36,412 |
761 |
47,974 |
808 |
55,200 |
1,090 |
831 |
|
Arkansas |
15,022 |
588 |
18,693 |
673 |
22,800 |
1,010 |
770 |
|
California |
239,206 |
721 |
246,317 |
682 |
218,800 |
750 |
569 |
|
Colorado |
21,043 |
520 |
33,955 |
728 |
32,100 |
790 |
608 |
|
Connecticut |
16,776 |
511 |
19,087 |
544 |
17,600 |
620 |
488 |
|
Delaware |
5,958 |
792 |
6,916 |
820 |
7,000 |
960 |
756 |
|
District of Columbia |
8,226 |
1,594 |
3,552 |
645 |
2,400 |
450 |
369 |
|
Florida |
119,679 |
790 |
148,521 |
835 |
154,500 |
990 |
788 |
|
Georgia |
74,500 |
956 |
92,647 |
1,021 |
91,600 |
1,220 |
916 |
|
Hawaii |
3,479 |
291 |
5,705 |
447 |
5,600 |
510 |
397 |
|
Idaho |
6,634 |
531 |
11,206 |
784 |
10,200 |
860 |
632 |
|
Illinois |
61,235 |
506 |
64,735 |
507 |
69,300 |
700 |
537 |
|
Indiana |
30,025 |
506 |
39,959 |
637 |
45,400 |
910 |
690 |
|
Iowa |
10,229 |
356 |
12,215 |
412 |
12,700 |
530 |
410 |
|
Kansas |
12,864 |
484 |
15,972 |
582 |
16,600 |
760 |
573 |
|
Kentucky |
21,651 |
546 |
30,034 |
720 |
32,100 |
950 |
729 |
|
Louisiana |
44,934 |
1,025 |
51,458 |
1,138 |
50,100 |
1,420 |
1,082 |
|
Maine |
2,745 |
220 |
3,608 |
273 |
3,800 |
350 |
285 |
|
Maryland |
33,650 |
650 |
35,601 |
636 |
32,700 |
710 |
550 |
|
Massachusetts |
21,796 |
353 |
22,778 |
356 |
21,400 |
400 |
318 |
|
Michigan |
61,882 |
628 |
67,132 |
663 |
60,200 |
790 |
608 |
|
Minnesota |
10,765 |
226 |
15,422 |
300 |
15,700 |
380 |
289 |
|
Mississippi |
18,416 |
664 |
27,902 |
955 |
28,800 |
1,270 |
962 |
|
Missouri |
32,300 |
591 |
41,461 |
715 |
44,500 |
950 |
736 |
|
Montana |
3,998 |
453 |
4,923 |
526 |
6,000 |
760 |
591 |
|
Nebraska |
5,740 |
344 |
7,406 |
421 |
8,500 |
600 |
454 |
|
Nevada |
14,057 |
774 |
18,265 |
756 |
19,900 |
930 |
712 |
|
New Hampshire |
3,830 |
320 |
4,184 |
319 |
4,800 |
460 |
362 |
|
New Jersey |
43,777 |
536 |
46,411 |
532 |
37,600 |
540 |
421 |
|
New Mexico |
10,330 |
590 |
15,081 |
782 |
15,500 |
980 |
742 |
|
New York |
104,341 |
574 |
92,769 |
482 |
81,400 |
530 |
413 |
|
North Carolina |
43,243 |
564 |
53,854 |
620 |
55,300 |
730 |
561 |
|
North Dakota |
1,520 |
239 |
2,288 |
359 |
2,700 |
470 |
373 |
|
Ohio |
63,444 |
565 |
65,123 |
559 |
69,800 |
780 |
603 |
|
Oklahoma |
27,926 |
825 |
32,593 |
919 |
37,900 |
1,300 |
983 |
|
Oregon |
15,425 |
464 |
19,318 |
531 |
22,900 |
740 |
582 |
|
Pennsylvania |
63,490 |
529 |
75,507 |
607 |
85,500 |
850 |
668 |
|
Rhode Island |
3,176 |
321 |
3,364 |
313 |
3,400 |
400 |
322 |
|
South Carolina |
30,000 |
772 |
35,298 |
830 |
32,600 |
880 |
683 |
|
South Dakota |
3,581 |
485 |
4,827 |
622 |
5,300 |
820 |
626 |
|
Tennessee |
35,884 |
655 |
43,678 |
732 |
48,100 |
960 |
740 |
|
Texas |
204,110 |
1,014 |
223,195 |
976 |
221,800 |
1,130 |
836 |
|
Utah |
9,239 |
433 |
11,514 |
466 |
12,500 |
620 |
430 |
|
Vermont |
1,205 |
203 |
1,975 |
317 |
2,100 |
410 |
335 |
|
Virginia |
48,828 |
713 |
57,444 |
759 |
58,800 |
910 |
710 |
|
Washington |
24,849 |
431 |
29,225 |
465 |
29,700 |
550 |
425 |
|
West Virginia |
5,496 |
304 |
8,043 |
443 |
9,700 |
660 |
523 |
|
Wisconsin |
27,218 |
519 |
36,154 |
653 |
34,800 |
780 |
605 |
|
Wyoming |
2,338 |
485 |
3,515 |
690 |
3,800 |
840 |
651 |
Source: World Prison Brief 2000 & 2005 Wikipedia 2013
8. State by State detention statistics were compiled by the International
Centre for Prison Studies in 1999 and again in 2005. 2013 state by state
statistics are from wikipedia. In 1999 Washington DC,
with 8,226 detainees and a population of about 600,000, had the highest rate of
incarceration in the world of 1,594 detainees per 100,000 residents. By 2005
that rate is reported to have been reduced to 3,553 detainees (645 per 100,000
residents) and in 2014 to have gone down to 2,040 detainees (369 per 100,000
residents) There appears to have been a political hack by the author of uncongressional Bush v. Gore (2000) to make it
appear that Washington DC and Texas had reduced their incarceration rate
between 1999 and 2005 although reductions did not begin until 2009 with some
increased accountability for 'federal immigration offenders' that only
partially explains the reductions. Nonetheless, the District of Columbia and
Texas seem to be making an effort to reduce their penal populations to within
the legal limit of 250 detainees per 100,000 or national norm of less than 500
detainees per 100,000. The penal population in the state of Louisiana, with the
arbitrary detention of Hurricane Katrina Mayor of New Orleans Ray Nagin in 2014 as an example, is reported to have increased
from 1995 to 2005 and to have decreased from 2005 to 2013. In 1999 Louisiana
held 44,934 detainees (1,025 per 100,000), in 2005 51,458 detainees (1,138 per
100,000), and in 2014 50,100 detainees (1,082 per 100,000 residents of all
ages) the last remaining state or territory with a penal population over 1,000
detainees per 100,000 residents of all ages. Since 2010 most states have
seen a reduction in their penal population or at least in their rate of
incarceration per 100,000 residents. Vermont and few other state known to have
made deals with Democrats slightly increased 2005-2013 including Illinois with
their Blagojevich budget. It is hoped that these reductions will be continued
and accelerated for non-violent offenders serving time in state and federal
prison, particularly the non-violent drug and immigration offenders. However,
figures pertaining to the rate per 100,000 may be low as the result of not
fully taking into account the reductions to the general population that were
made by the unprecedented deportation proceedings to remove foreign prisoners
and deter unlawful entry that may have resulted in most or all of the
statistical reduction in incarceration 2009-2016. Care must be taken in the new
administration to safely sustain reductions in federal and state penal
population and accelerate release for populations of arbitrary non-violent
offenders.
9. More than 10.35 million people are held in penal
institutions throughout the world according to the latest edition of the World
Prison Population List (WPPL) published on Wednesday 3 February by the
Institute for Criminal Policy Research, at Birkbeck,
University of London. Including the numbers reported to be held in detention
centers in China and in prison camps in North Korea, the total may well be in
excess of 11 million. The WPPL provides up-to-date information on the global
prison population and the rate per 100,000 of the national population in 223
countries and territories. Figures are unavailable for only three countries
– Eritrea, North Korea and Somalia. There are more than 2.2 million prisoners
in the United States of America, more than 1.65 million in China (plus an
unknown number in pre-trial detention or Ōadministrative detentionÕ), 640,000
in the Russian Federation, 607,000 in Brazil, 418,000 in India, 311,000 in
Thailand, 255,000 in Mexico and 225,000 in Iran. The world prison population
rate, based on United Nations estimates of national population levels, is 144
per 100,000. The countries with the highest prison population rate – the
number of prisoners per 100,000 of the national population – are
Seychelles (799 per 100,000), followed by the United States (698), St. Kitts
& Nevis (607), Turkmenistan (583), U.S. Virgin Islands (542), Cuba (510),
El Salvador (492), Guam - U.S.A. (469), Thailand (461), Belize (449), Russian
Federation (445), Rwanda (434) and British Virgin Islands (425). However, more
than half of all countries and territories (55%) have a prison population rate
of below 150 per 100,000. Prison population rates vary
considerably between different regions of the world, and between different
parts of the same continent. For example: in Africa the median rate for western
African countries is 52 whereas for southern African countries it is 188. In
the Americas the median rate for south American countries is 242 whereas for Caribbean
countries it is 347. In Asia the median rate for south central Asian countries
(mainly the Indian sub-continent) is 74 whereas for central Asian countries it
is 166. In Europe the median rate for western European countries is 84 whereas
for the countries spanning Europe and Asia (e.g. Russia and Turkey) it is 236.
In Oceania the median rate is 155. Since about the year 2000 the
world prison population total has grown by almost 20%, which is slightly above
the estimated 18% increase in the worldÕs general population over the same
period. There are considerable differences in prison population trends between
the continents, and variation within continents. The total prison population in
Oceania has increased by almost 60% and that in the Americas by over 40%; in
Europe, by contrast, the total prison population has decreased by 21%. The
European figure reflects large falls in prison populations in Russia and in
central and eastern Europe. In the Americas, the prison population has
increased by 14% in the USA, by over 80% in central American countries and by
145% in south American countries. The female prison population total has
increased by 50% since about 2000, while the equivalent figure for the male
prison population is 18%. The female total has increased proportionately more
than the male total in every continent. Consequently the proportion of women
and girls in the total world prison population has risen from 5.4% in about
2000 to 6.8% in the latest figures available.
World Prison Population and Rate of
223 National Jurisdictions 2016
|
Nation |
Prison Population Total |
Prison Population Rate |
|
2 217 947 |
693 |
|
|
1 649 804 |
118 |
|
|
653 218 |
451 |
|
|
622 202 |
307 |
|
|
418 536 |
33 |
|
|
318 910 |
474 |
|
|
255 138 |
212 |
|
|
225 624 |
287 |
|
|
187 609 |
220 |
|
|
180 347 |
64 |
|
|
159 563 |
292 |
|
|
142 168 |
121 |
|
|
136 245 |
154 |
|
|
121 945 |
244 |
|
|
111 050 |
128 |
|
|
85 540 |
148 |
|
|
154 |
152 |
|
|
United Kingdom: Northern Ireland |
1,607 |
87 |
|
United Kingdom: Scotland |
7,692 |
143 |
|
80 169 |
43 |
|
|
77 298 |
242 |
|
|
76 000 |
222 |
|
|
71 786 |
191 |
|
|
69 719 |
43 |
|
|
69 060 |
160 |
|
|
66 678 |
95 |
|
|
63 142 |
31 |
|
|
62 749 |
195 |
|
|
62 000 |
76 |
|
|
61 737 |
78 |
|
|
61 541 |
136 |
|
|
61 514 |
272 |
|
|
60 220 |
162 |
|
|
60 000 |
113 |
|
|
59 620 |
48 |
|
|
57 337 |
510 |
|
|
57 000 |
118 |
|
|
54 279 |
434 |
|
|
53 990 |
107 |
|
|
53 725 |
89 |
|
|
52 784 |
171 |
|
|
49 664 |
178 |
|
|
47 000 |
161 |
|
|
45 092 |
115 |
|
|
43 900 |
150 |
|
|
43 302 |
247 |
|
|
42 880 |
123 |
|
|
40 663 |
106 |
|
|
39 179 |
234 |
|
|
36 134 |
151 |
|
|
34 404 |
69 |
|
|
33 547 |
519 |
|
|
30 568 |
583 |
|
|
29 000 |
306 |
|
|
28 393 |
143 |
|
|
26 702 |
115 |
|
|
26 519 |
74 |
|
|
25 902 |
162 |
|
|
25 006 |
233 |
|
|
24 165 |
106 |
|
|
23 000 |
212 |
|
|
22 526 |
236 |
|
|
21 667 |
195 |
|
|
21 072 |
256 |
|
|
20 550 |
32 |
|
|
20 000 |
83 |
|
|
19 972 |
121 |
|
|
19 101 |
c. 65 |
|
|
19 067 |
92 |
|
|
18 857 |
145 |
|
|
18 560 |
125 |
|
|
18 308 |
105 |
|
|
17 976 |
187 |
|
|
17 905 |
59 |
|
|
17 440 |
352 |
|
|
17 197 |
392 |
|
|
15 976 |
61 |
|
|
15 914 |
196 |
|
|
14 368 |
53 |
|
|
14 281 |
138 |
|
|
14 000 |
53 |
|
|
13 468 |
122 |
|
|
Singapore |
12 394 |
227 |
|
Puerto Rico (USA) |
12 327 |
350 |
|
12 313 |
158 |
|
|
12 147 |
52 |
|
|
12 129 |
73 |
|
|
11 603 |
69 |
|
|
11 489 |
150 |
|
|
11 193 |
229 |
|
|
11 071 |
105 |
|
|
11 046 |
97 |
|
|
10 599 |
60 |
|
|
10 569 |
171 |
|
|
10 116 |
184 |
|
|
10 067 |
148 |
|
|
10 030 |
166 |
|
|
9 996 |
291 |
|
|
9 734 |
274 |
|
|
9 698 |
109 |
|
|
9 405 |
194 |
|
|
9 317 |
121 |
|
|
9 028 |
125 |
|
|
8 689 |
93 |
|
|
8 630 |
62 |
|
|
8 525 |
39 |
|
|
8 438 |
114 |
|
|
8 381 |
95 |
|
|
8 201 |
71 |
|
|
7 881 |
215 |
|
|
7 773 |
266 |
|
|
7 355 |
268 |
|
|
7 247 |
77 |
|
|
6 923 |
84 |
|
|
6 827 |
34 |
|
|
6 504 |
65 |
|
|
6 502 |
120 |
|
|
6 187 |
99 |
|
|
5 547 |
189 |
|
|
5 245 |
55 |
|
|
5 209 |
33 |
|
|
4 864 |
61 |
|
|
4 831 |
39 |
|
|
4 422 |
64 |
|
|
4 409 |
239 |
|
|
4 050 |
145 |
|
|
4 028 |
301 |
|
|
4 000 |
92 |
|
|
3 960 |
188 |
|
|
3 880 |
130 |
|
|
3 786 |
80 |
|
|
3 700 |
258 |
|
|
3 679 |
71 |
|
|
3 610 |
289 |
|
|
3 560 |
144 |
|
|
3 488 |
55 |
|
|
3 481 |
61 |
|
|
3 427 |
147 |
|
|
3 424 |
89 |
|
|
3 373 |
210 |
|
|
3 110 |
26 |
|
|
3 002 |
57 |
|
|
2 898 |
216 |
|
|
2 285 |
155 |
|
|
2 203 |
39 |
|
|
2 073 |
92 |
|
|
1 944 |
259 |
|
|
1 816 |
100 |
|
|
1 768 |
44 |
|
|
1 722 |
73 |
|
|
1 555 |
174 |
|
|
1 513 |
341 |
|
|
1 511 |
73 |
|
|
1 443 |
449 |
|
|
1 434 |
286 |
|
|
1 396 |
363 |
|
|
1 300 |
36 |
|
|
1 292 |
195 |
|
|
1 240 |
27 |
|
|
1 150 |
53 |
|
|
1 131 |
174 |
|
|
1 121 |
58 |
|
|
1 119 |
145 |
|
|
1 111 |
114 |
|
|
1 000 |
183 |
|
|
997 |
240 |
|
|
970 |
195 |
|
|
924 |
322 |
|
|
877 |
71 |
|
|
850 |
277 |
|
|
797 |
469 |
|
|
764 |
16 |
|
|
735 |
799 |
|
|
691 |
112 |
|
|
681 |
94 |
|
|
607 |
349 |
|
|
600 |
68 |
|
|
581 |
50 |
|
|
577 |
542 |
|
|
569 |
135 |
|
|
565 |
132 |
|
|
501 |
250 |
|
|
500 |
129 |
|
|
456 |
159 |
|
|
450 |
398 |
|
|
445 |
175 |
|
|
412 |
378 |
|
|
387 |
373 |
|
|
348 |
225 |
|
|
334 |
607 |
|
|
271 |
56 |
|
|
230 |
87 |
|
|
230 |
354 |
|
|
224 |
375 |
|
|
219 |
300 |
|
|
214 |
382 |
|
|
203 |
74 |
|
|
178 |
101 |
|
|
176 |
166 |
|
|
175 |
267 |
|
|
170 |
165 |
|
|
161 |
347 |
|
|
147 |
45 |
|
|
146 |
136 |
|
|
145 |
||
|
132 |
127 |
|
|
119 |
31 |
|
|
116 |
208 |
|
|
92 |
- |
|
|
83 |
127 |
|
|
80 |
92 |
|
|
72 |
343 |
|
|
52 |
147 |
|
|
46 |
307 |
|
|
41 |
72 |
|
|
35 |
66 |
|
|
28 |
74 |
|
|
25 |
109 |
|
|
14 |
140 |
|
|
11 |
||
|
11 |
110 |
|
|
10 |
21 |
|
|
2 |
- |
Source: Walmsley, Roy.
World Prison Brief. World Prison Population List. 11th ed. Institute
for Criminal Policy Research. London. 2016
10. American legal psychology needs to be liberated from enforcement. Annotation is different from the current system of amendments, but the interaction between the first and second amendments is just so bad the Generals of the United Nations (GUN) have noted a rise in refugees from civil wars and internally displaced people worldwide, after sixty years of decline. No more delaying the election of a civilian Secretary and Statement of the United Nations (SUN). The right to bear arms was tastefully used in the forests of the Constitution of Vermont. The quartering of troops in people's homes is not a constitutional law in any of the fifty states or hundreds of nations. So as not to burden the 20th edition of the Constitution of Hospitals & Asylums Non-Government Economy (CHANGE), the psychologically necessary US Constitutional annotation might be (a) to repeal old debt from the first clause of Art. VI that would be renumbered so that the supremacy clause would be section number one and oath of office, number two. (b) Replace the second amendment with a balanced budget amendment so Americans might sue the government for money as redacted 'Section 1 Total outlays for any fiscal year shall not exceed total receipts for that fiscal year. Section 2 Prior to each fiscal year, the President shall transmit to the Congress a proposed budget for the United States Government for that fiscal year. Section 3 The Congress shall implement a balanced budget by appropriate legislation.' (c) Replace the third amendment simply with 'No arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.' and (d) Repeal Sections 2-5 of the 14th amendment. Deprivation of relief benefits 18USC¤246, a civil rights crime, has been hacked at least twice this year, to force labor and remove the year sentence and then to put the year sentence back, all the while flagrantly discriminating against age and disability, to wrongly State without parenthesis, 'Whoever directly or indirectly deprives, attempts to deprive, or threatens to deprive any person of any employment, position, work, compensation, or other benefit provided for or made possible in whole or in part by any Act of Congress appropriating funds for work relief or relief purposes, on account of political affiliation, race, color, (age), sex, (disability), religion, or national origin, shall be fined under this title, or imprisoned not more than one year, or both'. Not only is it disability insurance that is slated to get robbed this year or next when the disability insurance trust fund is negligently depleted under truant law, but the right to disability insurance, Supplemental Security Income (SSI) to be specific, is the way to pay all 16 million poor children an SSI benefit and balance the federal budget in 2017 and end poverty by 2020. Up for tenure in 2016 is the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities of 2006 with the passage of the Social Security Amendments of the January 1, 2016 and 2016 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the OASDI Trust Funds and Supplemental Security Income Program; Summer Solstice Instructions HA-6-6-16. Common Articles 26-29 to the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951 and the Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons of 1954 protect refugees and stateless people against discrimination, provide for the freedom of movement, requires States to provide them with identity papers and travel documents at the same price as nationals, for which 'denaturalized' citizens are due compensation for the extortionate fees paid to restore their documents.
Sanders,
Tony J. Hospitals & Asylums. Book 2: Attorney General Enforcement, 11 July
2016. 11th Ed. 192 pgs. www.title24uscode.org/AGE.doc
Test
Questions www.title24uscode.org/agetest.doc